LE CHATELIER'S PRINCIPLE This page looks at Le Chatelier's Principle and explains how to apply it to reactions in a state of dynamic equilibrium. It covers changes to the position of equilibrium if you change concentration, pressure or temperature. It also explains very briefly why catalysts have no effect on the position of equilibrium. | |
| Important: If you aren't sure about the words dynamic equilibrium or position of equilibrium you should read the introductory page before you go on | |
It is important in understanding everything on this page to realise that Le Chatelier's Principle is no more than a useful guide to help you work out what happens when you change the conditions in a reaction in dynamic equilibrium. It doesn't explain anything. I'll keep coming back to that point! Using Le Chatelier's Principle A statement of Le Chatelier's Principle
Using Le Chatelier's Principle with a change of concentration Suppose you have an equilibrium established between four substances A, B, C and D.
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| Note: In case you wonder, the reason for choosing this equation rather than having just A + B on the left-hand side is because further down this page I need an equation which has different numbers of molecules on each side. I am going to use that same equation throughout this page. | |
What would happen if you changed the conditions by increasing the concentration of A? According to Le Chatelier, the position of equilibrium will move in such a way as to counteract the change. That means that the position of equilibrium will move so that the concentration of A decreases again - by reacting it with B and turning it into C + D. The position of equilibrium moves to the right.
This is a useful way of converting the maximum possible amount of B into C and D. You might use it if, for example, B was a relatively expensive material whereas A was cheap and plentiful. What would happen if you changed the conditions by decreasing the concentration of A? According to Le Chatelier, the position of equilibrium will move so that the concentration of A increases again. That means that more C and D will react to replace the A that has been removed. The position of equilibrium moves to the left.
This is esssentially what happens if you remove one of the products of the reaction as soon as it is formed. If, for example, you removed C as soon as it was formed, the position of equilibrium would move to the right to replace it. If you kept on removing it, the equilibrium position would keep on moving rightwards - turning this into a one-way reaction. Important This isn't in any way an explanation of why the position of equilibrium moves in the ways described. All Le Chatelier's Principle gives you is a quick way of working out what happens. | |
| Note: If you know about equilibrium constants, you will find a more detailed explanation of the effect of a change of concentration by following this link. If you don't know anything about equilibrium constants, you should ignore this link. If you choose to follow it, return to this page via the BACK button on your browser or via the equilibrium menu. | |
Using Le Chatelier's Principle with a change of pressure This only applies to reactions involving gases:
What would happen if you changed the conditions by increasing the pressure? According to Le Chatelier, the position of equilibrium will move in such a way as to counteract the change. That means that the position of equilibrium will move so that the pressure is reduced again. Pressure is caused by gas molecules hitting the sides of their container. The more molecules you have in the container, the higher the pressure will be. The system can reduce the pressure by reacting in such a way as to produce fewer molecules. In this case, there are 3 molecules on the left-hand side of the equation, but only 2 on the right. By forming more C and D, the system causes the pressure to reduce. Increasing the pressure on a gas reaction shifts the position of equilibrium towards the side with fewer molecules.
What would happen if you changed the conditions by decreasing the pressure? The equilibrium will move in such a way that the pressure increases again. It can do that by producing more molecules. In this case, the position of equilibrium will move towards the left-hand side of the reaction.
What happens if there are the same number of molecules on both sides of the equilibrium reaction? In this case, increasing the pressure has no effect whatsoever on the position of the equilibrium. Because you have the same numbers of molecules on both sides, the equilibrium can't move in any way that will reduce the pressure again. Important Again, this isn't an explanation of why the position of equilibrium moves in the ways described. You will find a rather mathematical treatment of the explanation by following the link below. | |
| Note: You will find a detailed explanation by following this link. If you don't know anything about equilibrium constants (particularly Kp), you should ignore this link. The same thing applies if you don't like things to be too mathematical! If you are a UK A' level student, you won't need this explanation. If you choose to follow the link, return to this page via the BACK button on your browser or via the equilibrium menu. | |
Using Le Chatelier's Principle with a change of temperature For this, you need to know whether heat is given out or absorbed during the reaction. Assume that our forward reaction is exothermic (heat is evolved):
This shows that 250 kJ is evolved (hence the negative sign) when 1 mole of A reacts completely with 2 moles of B. For reversible reactions, the value is always given as if the reaction was one-way in the forward direction. The back reaction (the conversion of C and D into A and B) would be endothermic by exactly the same amount.
What would happen if you changed the conditions by increasing the temperature? According to Le Chatelier, the position of equilibrium will move in such a way as to counteract the change. That means that the position of equilibrium will move so that the temperature is reduced again. Suppose the system is in equilibrium at 300°C, and you increase the temperature to 500°C. How can the reaction counteract the change you have made? How can it cool itself down again? To cool down, it needs to absorb the extra heat that you have just put in. In the case we are looking at, the back reaction absorbs heat. The position of equilibrium therefore moves to the left. The new equilibrium mixture contains more A and B, and less C and D.
If you were aiming to make as much C and D as possible, increasing the temperature on a reversible reaction where the forward reaction is exothermic isn't a good idea! What would happen if you changed the conditions by decreasing the temperature? The equilibrium will move in such a way that the temperature increases again. Suppose the system is in equilibrium at 500°C and you reduce the temperature to 400°C. The reaction will tend to heat itself up again to return to the original temperature. It can do that by favouring the exothermic reaction. The position of equilibrium will move to the right. More A and B are converted into C and D at the lower temperature.
Summary
Important Again, this isn't in any way an explanation of why the position of equilibrium moves in the ways described. It is only a way of helping you to work out what happens. | |
| Note: I am not going to attempt an explanation of this anywhere on the site. To do it properly is far too difficult for this level. It is possible to come up with an explanation of sorts by looking at how the rate constants for the forward and back reactions change relative to each other by using the Arrhenius equation, but this isn't a standard way of doing it, and is liable to confuse those of you going on to do a Chemistry degree. If you aren't going to do a Chemistry degree, you won't need to know about this anyway! | |
Le Chatelier's Principle and catalysts Catalysts have sneaked onto this page under false pretences, because adding a catalyst makes absolutely no difference to the position of equilibrium, and Le Chatelier's Principle doesn't apply to them. This is because a catalyst speeds up the forward and back reaction to the same extent. Because adding a catalyst doesn't affect the relative rates of the two reactions, it can't affect the position of equilibrium. So why use a catalyst? For a dynamic equilibrium to be set up, the rates of the forward reaction and the back reaction have to become equal. This doesn't happen instantly. For a very slow reaction, it could take years! A catalyst speeds up the rate at which a reaction reaches dynamic equilibrium. | |
| Note: You might try imagining how long it would take to establish a dynamic equilibrium if you took the visual model on the introductory page and reduced the chances of the colours changing by a factor of 1000 - from 3 in 6 to 3 in 6000 and from 1 in 6 to 1 in 6000. Starting with blue squares, by the end of the time taken for the examples on that page, you would most probably still have entirely blue squares. Eventually, though, you would end up with the same sort of patterns as before - containing 25% blue and 75% orange squares. | |
Questions to test your understanding If this is the first set of questions you have done, please read the introductory page before you start. You will need to use the BACK BUTTON on your browser to come back here afterwards. questions on Le Chatelier's Principle answers
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FAQs
What is the Le Chatelier's principle in simple words? ›
Le Châtelier's principle states that if a dynamic equilibrium is disturbed by changing the conditions, the position of equilibrium shifts to counteract the change to reestablish an equilibrium.
What are the 4 factors of Le Chatelier's principle? ›The principle of Le Chatelier is an observation regarding the chemical equilibria of processes. It asserts that changes in a system's temperature, pressure, volume, or concentration will cause predictable and opposing changes in order to attain a new equilibrium state.
What is the Le Chatelier's principle of equilibrium shift? ›Le Chatelier's principle implies that a pressure increase shifts an equilibrium to the side of the reaction with the fewer number of moles of gas, while a pressure decrease shifts an equilibrium to the side of the reaction with the greater number of moles of gas.
Is Le Chatelier's principle a law? ›In 1884, the French chemical engineer and teacher Henri Le Chatelier (1850-1936) showed that in every such case, the new equilibrium state is one that partially reduces the effect of the change that brought it about. This law is known to every Chemistry student as the Le Chatelier principle .
What is an example of Le Chatelier's principle in real life? ›According to Le Chatelier, equilibrium modifies forward and backward reactions to tolerate changes altering the equilibrium circ*mstances. 2. How does Le Chatelier's principle apply to real life? Everyday tasks like drying clothes are also examples of Le Chatelier's principle and chemical equilibrium in real life.
How do you answer Le Chatelier's principle? ›Correct answer:
Le Chatelier's principle states that changes in pressure are attributable to changes in volume. If we increase the volume, the reaction will shift toward the side that has more moles of gas. If we decrease the volume, the reaction will shift toward the side that has less moles of gas.
Le Chatelier's principle can be stated as follows: A change in one of the variables that describe a system at equilibrium produces a shift in the position of the equilibrium that counteracts the effect of this change.
How to remember Le Chatelier's principle? ›So the simple way to remember this is AA TT. For temperature and pressure, the thing to remember is that the reaction will always try to shift back to equilibrium. For example, if you have an exothermic reaction and you increase the temperature, the reaction needs to cool down to get back to equilibrium.
What is the Le Chatelier's principle of reaction rates and equilibrium? ›Le Chatelier's principle predicts that equilibrium will shift to decrease the concentration of reactants. Increasing the rate of the forward reaction will mean a decrease in reactants. So some of the sulfur dioxide or oxygen is used to produce sulfur trioxide.
Does Le Chatelier's principle predict? ›Since the concentration of products is decreasing, Le Chatelier's Principle predicts that the equilibrium reaction will shift towards the right, towards the products, until equilibrium is restored.
What is the meaning of Le Chatelier? ›
: a statement in physics and chemistry: if the equilibrium of a system is disturbed by a change in one or more of the determining factors (as temperature, pressure, or concentration) the system tends to adjust itself to a new equilibrium by counteracting as far as possible the effect of the change.
Is Le Chatelier's principle reversible? ›Le Chatelier's principle is commonly known as the quilibrium law and it is useful in order to be able to analyse reversible reactions and how changing the conditions will affect which way the reaction will go.