London and Its Environs Described, vol. 5 (of 6)
Containing an Account of Whatever is Most Remarkable for Grandeur, Elegance, Curiosity or Use, in the City and in the Country Twenty Miles Round It (2024)

An Account of whatever is most remarkablefor Grandeur, Elegance, Curiosityor Use,

Decorated and illustrated with a great Number ofViews in Perspective, engraved from originalDrawings, taken on purpose for this Work.

MON

Monument, a noble flutedcolumn, erected by order of parliament,in commemoration of theburning and rebuilding of the city, on theeast side of Fish street hill, in a squareopen to the street.

This stately column, which is of theDoric order, was begun by Sir ChristopherWren, in the year 1671, and completedby that great architect in 1677. Itmuch exceeds, in height, the pillars atRome of the Emperors Trajan and Antoninus,the stately remains of Roman grandeur;or that of Theodosius at Constantinople;for the largest of the Roman columns,which was that of Antoninus, wasonly 172 feet and a half in height, and 12feet 3 inches, English measure, in diameter.But the diameter of this column2at the base, is 15 feet, and consequentlyit is 120 feet high; the height ofthe pedestal is 40, and the cippus or metawith the urn on the top 42, making 202feet in the whole. On the cap of the pedestal,at the angles, are four dragons (thesupporters of the city arms) and betweenthem trophies, with symbols of regality,arts, sciences, commerce, &c.

Within is a large staircase of blackmarble, containing 345 steps, 10 inchesand a half broad, and 6 inches in thickness,and by these there is an ascent to theiron balcony (which is the abacus of thecolumn). Over the capital is an iron balcony,encompassing a cone 32 feet high,supporting a blazing urn of brass, gilt.

In the place of this urn, which was setup contrary to Sir Christopher’s opinion,was originally intended a colossal statue,in brass, gilt, of King Charles II. asfounder of the new city, after the mannerof the Roman pillars, which terminatedwith the statues of their Cæsars; or else afigure erect of a woman crowned withturrets, holding a sword and cap of maintenance,with other ensigns of the city’sgrandeur and re-erection.

Prior to this, the same gentleman madea design of a pillar of somewhat less proportion,viz. 14 feet in diameter, and3after a peculiar device: for as the Romansexpressed by relievo on the pedestals, andround the shafts of their columns, thehistory of such actions and incidents aswere intended to be thereby commemorated;so this monument of the conflagrationand resurrection of the city ofLondon was represented by a pillar inflames; the flames, blazing from theloop-holes of the shaft, intended to givelight to the stairs within, were in brasswork gilt, and on the top was a phœnixrising from her ashes, also of brass gilt.Parentalia.

The west side of the pedestal is adornedwith curious emblems, by the masterlyhand of Mr. Cibber, father to the latePoet Laureat, in which the eleven principalfigures are done in alto, and the restin basso relievo. The principal figure, towhich the eye is particularly directed, is afemale, representing the city of London,sitting in a languishing posture on a heapof ruins: her head droops, her hair isdishevelled, and her hand, with an air oflanguor, lies carelessly on her sword. Behindis Time, gradually raising her up: ather side, a woman, representing Providence,gently touches her with one hand,while with a winged scepter in the other,she directs her to regard two Goddesses4in the clouds, one with a cornucopia, denotingPlenty, the other with a palmbranch, the emblem of Peace. At herfeet is a bee-hive, to shew that by industryand application the greatest misfortunesmay be overcome. Behind Time,are citizens exulting at his endeavours torestore her; and, beneath, in the midst ofthe ruins, is a dragon, the supporter of thecity arms, who endeavours to preservethem with his paw. Still farther, at thenorth end, is a view of the city in flames;the inhabitants in consternation, withtheir arms extended upward, and cryingout for succour.

On the other side, on an elevated pavement,stands King Charles II. in a Romanhabit, with his temples incircled by awreath of laurel, and approaching the figurerepresenting the city, with a truncheonin his hand, seems to command threeof his attendants to descend to her relief:the first represents the Sciences, withwings on her head, and a circle of nakedboys dancing upon it, holding in her handNature, with her numerous breasts readyto give assistance to all: the second is,Architecture, with a plan in one hand,and a square and pair of compasses in theother: and the third is, Liberty, wavinga hat in the air, shewing her joy at the5pleasing prospect of the city’s speedy recovery.Behind the King, stands his brotherthe Duke of York, with a garland inone hand to crown the rising city, and asword in the other for her defence. Behindhim are Justice and Fortitude, theformer with a coronet, and the latter witha reined lion. In the pavement, underthe Sovereign’s feet, appears Envy peepingfrom her cell, and gnawing a heart;and in the upper part of the back groundthe re-construction of the city is representedby scaffolds, erected by the sides ofunfinished houses, with builders and labourersat work upon them.

The other sides of the pedestal have,each, a Latin inscription. That on thenorth side may be thus rendered.

‘In the year of Christ 1666, the secondday of September, eastward from hence,at the distance of 202 feet, (the heightof this column) about midnight, a mostterrible fire broke out, which, driven bya high wind, not only laid waste the adjacentparts, but also places very remote,with incredible noise and fury: it consumed89 churches, the city gates, Guildhall,many public structures, hospitals,schools, libraries, a vast number of statelyedifices, 13,200 dwelling houses, 400streets: of twenty-six wards it utterly destroyed6fifteen, and left eight othersshattered and half burnt. The ruins ofthe city were 436 acres, from the Towerby the Thames side to the Templechurch, and from the north east, alongthe city wall, to Holborn bridge. Tothe estates and fortunes of the citizensit was merciless, but to their lives veryfavourable. That it might, in all things,resemble the last conflagration of theworld, the destruction was sudden; forin a small space of time, the same citywas seen most flourishing, and reducedto nothing. Three days after, whenthis fatal fire had, in the opinion of all,baffled all human counsels and endeavours,it stopped, as it were, by a commandfrom heaven, and was on everyside extinguished.’

The inscription on the south side istranslated thus:

‘Charles the Second, son of Charlesthe Martyr, King of Great Britain,France, and Ireland, Defender of theFaith, a most gracious Prince, commiseratingthe deplorable state of things,whilst the ruins were yet smoaking, providedfor the comfort of his citizens,and ornament of his city, remitted theirtaxes, and referred the petition of themagistrates and inhabitants to parliament;7who immediately passed an act,that public works should be restored togreater beauty, with public money, tobe raised by an impost on coals; that thechurches, and the cathedral of St. Paul’s,should be rebuilt from their foundations,with the utmost magnificence: thatbridges, gates, and prisons should be newerected, the sewers cleansed, the streetsmade straight and regular, such as weresteep levelled, and those too narrow tobe made wider. Markets and shamblesremoved to separate places. They alsoenabled, that every house should be builtwith party walls, and all in front raisedof equal height; that those walls shouldbe of square stone or brick; and that noman should delay building beyond thespace of seven years. Moreover, carewas taken by law to prevent all suits abouttheir bounds. Anniversary prayerswere also enjoined; and to perpetuatethe memory thereof to posterity, theycaused this column to be erected. Thework was carried on with diligence, andLondon is restored; but whether withgreater speed or beauty, may be made aquestion. In three years time the worldsaw that finished, which was supposedto be the work of an age.’

The inscription on the east side contains8the names of the Lord Mayorsfrom the time of its being begun, till itsbeing compleated; and round the upperpart of the pedestal is the following inscriptionin English.

‘This pillar was set up in perpetualremembrance of the most dreadfulburning of this protestant city, begunand carried on by the treachery and maliceof the popish faction in the beginningof September, in the year of ourLord 1666, in order to the carrying ontheir horrid plot for extirpating theprotestant religion, and Old English Liberty,and introducing popery and slavery.’

This inscription, upon the Duke ofYork’s accession to the crown, was immediatelyerased; but soon after the revolutionit was restored again.

This monument, says the author ofThe Review of our public buildings, “isundoubtedly the noblest modern columnin the world; nay, in some respects,it may justly vie with those celebratedones of antiquity, which areconsecrated to the names of Trajan andAntonine. Nothing can be more boldand surprizing, nothing more beautifuland harmonious: the bas relief at thebase, allowing for some few defects, is9finely imagined, and executed as well:and nothing material can be cavilledwith but the inscriptions round aboutit.” These, however, Sir ChristopherWren had prepared in a more elegantand masculine style, as appears by theParentalia; but he was over-ruled.

Monument yard, New Fish street hill,so called from the Monument placed init.

Moor court, 1. Fore street, Cripplegate, socalled from its vicinity to Moorfields. 2.Miles lane, near Crooked lane.

Moorfields, a large piece of ground tothe north of London wall, lying betweenthe east end of Fore street, and the westend of New Broad street, and extendingas far as Hoxton. These fields originallytook their name from their being one continuedmarsh or moor; so that RogerAchiley, Lord Mayor, in 1521, causedthe ground to be levelled, and bridgesand causeways to be erected over thesefields, in order to render them passable: butsince that time the ground has been raisedand drained, and the whole encompassedwith houses.

Moorfields being a very extensive pieceof ground, is now divided into LowerMoorfields, Middle Moorfields, and UpperMoorfields. The first of these divisions10has the hospital of Bethlem, a noblebuilding, extending along the whole southside: and here the fields are divided intofour different squares, by very strong, butclumsey, wooden rails, each containinga large grass plat, surrounded on eachside by a row of trees. Between thesesquares, which are generally denominatedthe quarters, are gravel walks; and oneextending from east to west, with a rowof trees on each side, forming a tolerablevista, is usually denominated the CityMall; a great concourse of well-dressedcitizens of both sexes walking there, particularlyevery Sunday noon in fineweather, and on evenings.

The east side of this part of Moorfieldsis taken up by shops, where oldbooks are sold at the south east corner,and second-hand goods of all sorts alongthat side.

The rest of Moorfields, containing thetwo other divisions, still lie waste, thoughthey might be converted into gardens orpublic walks, and thus be rendered oneof the principal ornaments of this metropolis.

Moorgate, situated near the north end ofColeman street, and 1664 feet to thewest of Bishopsgate, was first erected in11the year 1415, and received its namefrom its opening into Moorfields.

The present edifice, which is one ofthe most magnificent gates of the city,was erected in the year 1674, and consistsof a lofty arch, and two posterns forfoot passengers. The arch is built higherthan the common rules of proportion,for the sake of the city trained bandsmarching through it with their pikeserected; a weapon now laid aside. Others,however, are of opinion, that itsheight was intended for the better convenienceof bringing carts or waggonsloaded with hay into the city, it havingbeen intended to make a market for hayin Little Moorfields; a design which didnot take effect. The upper part is ornamentedwith Corinthian pilasters, supportingtheir proper entablature, and with around pediment, in which is the cityarms. The apartments over the gate areappropriated to the use of one of theLord Mayor’s carvers.

Moor’s alley, 1. King’s street, Westminster.†2. Norton Falgate, near Shoreditch.†

Moor Park, near Rickmansworth in Hertfordshire,is at present the seat of LordAnson. The park is not large, but isvery beautiful, whether we consider it12within itself or with regard to the fineand extensive prospects from it. Thehouse was originally built by CardinalWolsey, and, passing through manyhands, was afterwards in possession ofthe Duke of Monmouth. Then it cameinto the hands of Mr. Stiles, who enlarged,repaired, and beautified it, underthe direction of Sir James Thornhill. Itstands on a hill, not quite on the summit.It is of stone of the Corinthian order;and, if not in the highest stile ofarchitecture, is yet very noble. Thesouth, or principal front, has a porticoand pediment of four columns. Theoffices are joined to the house by a beautifulcircular colonade of the Ionic order,which terminates very elegantly withdomes on each side their entrance. Onecannot help wishing the house on the topof the hill, or that part of the hill wereremoved, for you can’t now see the principalfront till you are upon it. Evenin the view given in the print, part ofone of the wings is hid by the risingground.

Moor street, Hog lane, Soho.†

Moor yard, 1. Fashion street, Spitalfields.†2. St. Martin’s lane, Charing Cross.† 3.Old Fish street.†

Moravians, a set of dissenters lately established13in England. They have the followingplaces of worship. 1. LindseyHouse, Chelsea. 2. Monastery, HattonGarden. 3. Nevill’s alley, Fetter lane.

Morden College, on the east side ofBlackheath, for the support of poor decayedand honest merchants, was erectedby Sir John Morden, Bart. a Turky merchant,several years before his death,which happened in the year 1708. Itconsists of a large brick building, withtwo small wings, strengthened at the cornerswith stone rustic. The principalentrance, which is in the center, is decoratedwith Doric columns, festoons,and a pediment on the top, over whichrises a turret, with a dial; and from thedome, which is supported by scrolls, risesa ball and fane. To this entrance thereis an ascent by a flight of circular steps;and having ascended them, and passedthrough this part of the building, we enteran inner square, surrounded with piazzas.The chapel is neatly wainscoted,and has a costly altar-piece.

This structure Sir John erected at asmall distance from his own habitation,in a place called Great Stone Field, andendowed it, after his Lady’s decease, withhis whole real, copyhold, and personal14estate, to the value of about 1300l. perannum.

The founder of this noble charityplaced in this hospital twelve decayedTurky merchants in his life time; butafter his decease, the Lady Morden, findingthat the share allotted her by SirJohn’s last will was insufficient for herdecent support, some parts of the estatenot answering so well as was expected,she was obliged to reduce the number tofour.

But upon her death the whole estatecoming to the college, the number wasincreased, and there are at this timethirty-five poor gentlemen; and, thenumber not being limited, it is to be increasedas the estate will afford; for thebuilding will conveniently hold forty.

The Treasurer, who receives the rentsand revenues, and keeps the books ofthe accounts and disbursem*nts of thecollege, has 40l. a year; and the Chaplain,who reads prayers twice a day, andpreaches twice every Sunday, had at firsta salary of 30l. per annum, which theLady Morden doubled at her death.She was, in other respects, a benefactressof the college, and, as she put up herhusband’s statue in a niche, over the gate,15the trustees put up her’s in another niche,adjoining to that of her husband. Thepensioners have each 20l. a year, and atfirst wore gowns, with the founder’sbadge; but this badge has not been wornfor some years. They have a commontable in the hall to eat and drink togetherat meals; and each has a convenientapartment, with a cellar.

The Treasurer, Chaplain, and Pensioners,are obliged to reside in the college;and, except in case of sickness, no otherpersons are to reside, live, or lodgethere; but no person can be admitted asa pensioner, who cannot bring a certificateto prove his being upwards of sixtyyears of age.

Seven Turky merchants have the directionof this hospital, and the nominationof the persons to be admitted intoit; to them the Treasurer is accountable;and whenever any of these die, the survivingtrustees chuse others in their room.Stow’s Survey. Tour through Great Britain.

Morgan’s alley, Greenwalk, Southwark.†

Morgan’s ground, Chelsea.†

Morgan’s lane, 1. Old Horselydownlane.† 2. St. Olave street, Tooley street.†

Morgan’s rents, Greenwalk, Southwark.†

Morgan’s yard, by Morgan’s rents.†

16Morrell’s Almshouse, near the Nag’shead in Hackney road, was erected bythe Goldsmiths company, in the year1705, pursuant to the will of Mr. RichardMorrel, for the reception of sixpoor members of that company, each ofwhom has two neat rooms, 2s. per week,half a chaldron of coals, a quarter of ahundred of fa*ggots, and a gown everyyear. Maitland.

Morrice’s Almshouse, in the Old Jewry,was erected by the company of Armourers,in the year 1551, pursuant to thewill of the Lady Elizabeth Morrice, forthe reception of nine poor widows, who,according to the discretion of the company,are allowed from six to twenty shillingsper quarter, and nine bushels ofcoals each yearly. Maitland.

Morrison’s court, New lane, ShadThames.†

Morris’s alley, New lane, Shad Thames.†

Morris’s causeway stairs, Southwark, oppositeSomerset House.†

Morris’s wharf, near Thames street.†

Morse’s alley, Marshal street, Southwark.†

Mortar alley, Shoreditch.

Mortimer street, Cavendish square.

Mortimer yard, Tower Hill.†

Mortlack, in Surry, is situated on theThames, between Putney and Richmond,17about one mile west of Barnes. Hereare two charity schools, and a famousmanufacture for weaving tapestry hangings.

Moses alley, 1. Willow street, Bank side,Southwark.* 2. Smock alley, Spitalfields.*

Moses and Aaron alley, Whitechapel.*

Moses court, Nightingale lane.* 2. Mosesalley, Willow street.*

Mosley’s court, Philpot lane.†

Mouldmakers row, St. Martin’s le Grand.

Moulsey, two towns, thus denominated fromthe river Mole, which runs between theminto the Thames; East Moulsey is situatedopposite to Hampton Court, and was grantedby King Charles II. to Sir James Clarke,grandfather to the present lord of themanor, who had the ferry from thenceto Hampton Court, in the room of whichhe has lately erected a handsome bridge,where a very high toll is taken of allpassengers, carriages, &c.

West Moulsey is situated about a mileand a half west from Kingston, and hereis a ferry to Hampton town, which likewisebelongs to the same gentleman.

Mount court, Gravel lane, Houndsditch.

Mountford’s court, Fenchurch street.

Mountmill, at the upper end of Goswellstreet. Here was situated one of the forts18erected by order of parliament in the year1643; but that becoming useless at theend of the civil war, a windmill waserected upon it, from which it receivedits present name, which is also given tothe street.

Mount passage, Mount street, near Grosvenorsquare.

Mount Pleasant, Little Gray’s Inn lane.

Mount row, David street, Grosvenor square.

Mount street, By Mount row.

Mourning lane, Hackney.

Mouse alley, East Smithfield.

Mudd’s court, Broad street, Ratcliff.†

Mulberry court, 1. Bermondsey.‡ 2.White’s alley.‡

Mullin’s rents, Shoe lane.†

Mumford’s court. Milk street.†

Muscovy court, Tower hill.

Museum. See the article British Museum.

Musicians, a company incorporated byletters patent granted by King James I. inthe year 1604.

They are governed by a Master, twoWardens, and twenty Assistants, and havea livery of thirty-one members, who ontheir admission pay a fine of 40s. buthave no hall.

Musick House court, Upper Shadwell.

Musick House yard, Upper Shadwell.

19Mustard alley, Castle alley.

Muswell Hill, in Middlesex, on the eastside of Highgate, took its name from aspring or well on the hill, by a housebuilt by Alderman Roe, which afterwardscame to the present Earl of Bath. Bythis well, which was esteemed holy, wasa chapel with an image of our Lady ofMuswell, to which great numbers wentin pilgrimage. Both the manor andchapel were sold in the reign of QueenElizabeth, to Mr. William Roe, in whosefamily they continued, till Sir ThomasRoe, the Ambassador, sold them in thelast century. Some time ago the manorhouse was converted into a place of publicentertainment.

Mutton court, Maiden lane, Wood street,Cheapside.

Mutton lane, Clerkenwell.

My Lady’s yard, Harrow alley, Whitechapel.

N.

Nag’s Head alley, 1. Bridge yard passage.*2. Fenchurch street.* 3.St. Margaret’s hill, Southwark.* 4. Inthe Minories.*

Nag’s Head buildings, Hackney road.*

20Nag’s Head court, 1. Golden lane, Redcrossstreet.* 2. Gracechurch street.*3. Great Tower hill.* 4. Leather lane,Holborn. 5. Snow hill.* 6. Three Coltstreet.* 7. Wentworth street.*

Nag’s Head yard, 1. Golden lane.* 2.Great Swallow street.* 3. Norton Falgate.*

Nailer’s yard, 1. Queen street, in theMint, Southwark. 2. Silver street, Goldensquare.

Naked Boy alley, 1. Barnaby street, Southwark.*2. Piccadilly.*

Naked Boy court, 1. Little Elbow lane,Great Elbow lane, Thames street.* 2.Ludgate hill.* 3. In the Strand.

Naked Boy yard, 1. Back street, Lambeth.*2. Deadman’s Place.*

Nan’s hole or yard, Angel street, St. Martin’sle Grand.‖

Narrow alley, Stony lane.

Narrow street, 1. Limehouse. 2. Ratcliff.

Narrow wall, Lambeth.

Nasing, a village in Essex, between Eppingand Harlow.

Nassau street, Gerrard street, by Prince’sstreet, Soho; probably thus named inhonour of King William III.

Navestock, a village near Brentwood inEssex.

Navy Office, in Crutched Friars. Here21all affairs relating to the royal navy aremanaged by the Commissioners under theLords of the Admiralty. It is a very plainbuilding, that by its appearance gives usno idea of its importance; but it must beallowed the merit of being extremelyconvenient. The office where the Commissionersmeet, and the clerks keep theirbooks, is detached from the rest, as aprecaution against accidents by fire, thepapers here being of the utmost importance;and in the other buildings some ofthe Commissioners and other officers reside.

The Treasurer of the navy is an officerof prodigious trust, as he receives andpays all sums for the use of the navy: hissalary is therefore 2000l. per annum, and800l. for his instruments.

The seven Commissioners have all theirdifferent departments in the managementof the business of this office; and eachhas a salary of 500l. a year.

One is Comptroller of the navy: heattends and comptrols all payments ofwages; is obliged to know the marketprice of all stores belonging to shipping,and to examine and audit all the treasurers,victuallers, and storekeepers accounts.This Commissioner has two clerkswho have 100l. a year each: one of 60l.a year, and nine of 50l. each. Besides22in his office for seamen’s wages he has achief clerk who has 200l. a year, and alsonine others of 50l. each.

Two others are Joint-surveyors of thenavy, and besides the salary of 500l. ayear each, one of them has 80l. per annumfor house rent. They are in general toknow the state of all stores, and to seethe wants supplied; to survey the hulls,masts, and yards, and to estimate the valueof repairs by indenture; to charge allboatswains and carpenters of the navywith what stores they have received;and at the end of each voyage to state andaudit their accounts. They have a chiefclerk, who has 100l. a year, and six othersof 50l.

The fourth is Clerk of the acts. It ishis office to record all orders, contracts,bills, warrants, and other business transactedby the principal officers and commissionersof the navy. He has an assistant,who has a salary of 300l. a year,and 50l. for house rent; a chief clerk,who has 100l. a year; another has 70l.another 60l. and nine others have 50l.per annum each.

The fifth is Comptroller of the Treasurer’saccounts, and has a clerk of 100l.a year; another of 60l. another of 50l.and another of 40l. a year. The ticket23office is under his inspection, and therehe has two chief clerks of 200l. a yeareach; another of 80l. six of 50l. a yeareach, and one of 40l. In this officethere are also six extra clerks who have50l. a year each, and one who has2s. 6d. a day.

The sixth is the Comptroller of thevictualling accounts, who has a clerk of100l. a year; one of 50l. and one of40l. per annum.

The seventh is Comptroller of the store-keeper’saccounts, who has also a chiefclerk, that has a salary of 100l. a year;six clerks of 50l. a year each; and anotherof 40l. per annum.

Besides these there are three ExtraCommissioners of the navy, who have500l. a year, and 80l. each for houserent; and under these are several clerks,and other officers.

There is also a Commissioner residingat Gibraltar, who has 1000l. a year, andseveral officers who have considerable salariesunder him: a Commissioner residentat Chatham yard, at Portsmouthyard, and at Plymouth yard, who have500l. a year each; but Deptford andWoolwich yards are under the immediateinspection of the navy board; as Sheerness24yard is under the inspection of theCommissioner at Chatham.

The number of these Officers andCommissioners have been increased onaccount of the exigence of affairs; butthe principal of them hold their offices bypatent under the great seal.

Neal’s yard, Great St. Andrew street, SevenDials.†

Neat House lane, Upper Millbank.

Neat Houses, Near Chelsea Bridge.

Neckinger lane, Rotherhith wall.

Neckinger road, Neckinger lane.

Needlemakers, a company incorporatedby letters patent granted by Oliver Cromwell,in 1656, consisting of a Master,two Wardens, eighteen Assistants, andforty-eight Liverymen, who upon theiradmission pay a fine of 3l. 6s. 8d. buthaving no hall they transact their businessin Guildhall.

It is remarkable that by an act of CommonCouncil in 1658, it was orderedthat every needlemaker free of the city,of whatever company they be, shouldfrom thenceforward be subject to thesearch and survey of this company; thatno needlemaker of any other companyshould bind an apprentice to himself, tillhe had first bound him to the Master or25one of the Wardens or Assistants of theNeedlemakers company, who should turnover such an apprentice to him, beforethe Chamberlain of London, in orderthat all such apprentices might be madefree of the Needlemakers company; andthat any such master, not being free ofthat company, who should take an apprenticein any other manner, should forfeitthe sum of 20l.

Nell’s wharf, St. Catharine’s.

Nelmes, a village in Essex, on the east sideof Rumford.

Nelson’s court, 1. Drury lane.† 2. Rosemarylane, Tower hill.†

Neptune street, Wellclose square.

Netherhall, a village in Essex, on thenorth side of Chipping Ongar.

Netherhall, a village in Essex, near Greatand Little Parndon, and at the conflux ofthe Lee and the Stort.

Nettleton’s court, Aldersgate street.†

Nettlewell, a village on the south westside of Harlow.

Nevill’s alley, Fetter lane.†

Nevill’s yard, Church street, Lambeth.†

Nevis court, Near the Upper Ground,Southwark.†

New alley, In Hoxton.

New Bedford court, Eagle court, Strand.

New Belton street, Long Acre.

26New Black Raven court, Near Chiswellstreet, Moorfields.*

New Bond street, a street which consistsof handsome new buildings, near Oxfordstreet.

New Bosvile court, Carey street, Lincoln’sInn Fields.†

New Broad street, 1. A handsome street inhabitedby merchants and other gentlemen;extending from the end of Broadstreet to Moorfields. 2. Marshal street,Carnaby street.

New Buildings, 1. Coleman street. 2.Dunning’s alley, Bishopsgate street without.3. Feathers alley, in the Maze,Southwark.

New Burlington street, Swallow street.

Newbury’s Almshouse, on the north side ofMile-end green, also called the SkinnersAlmshouses, was erected by that companyin the year 1688, pursuant to thewill of Lewis Newbury, for twelve poorwidows of the Skinners company, whohave an allowance of 5l. 10s. a year, andhalf a chaldron of coals each.

Newcastle court, 1. Butcher Row, byTemple Bar. 2. Newcastle street, byChick lane.

Newcastle street, 1. Chick lane, Smithfield.2. From Seacoal lane to Fleetmarket. 3. Whitechapel.

27New co*ck lane, 1. Brick lane, Spitalfields.*2. Swan fields, Shoreditch.*

New court, 1. Angel alley. 2. Blackmanstreet, Southwark. 3. Bow lane, Cheapside.4. Bowling alley, Dean’s yard, Westminster.5. Brown’s street. 6. Canonrow, Westminster. 7. Carey street, Lincoln’sInn Fields. 8. St. Catharine’s court,near the Tower. 9. Fore street, Cripplegate.10. George yard, Whitechapel. 11.Goswell street, Aldersgate street. 12. NewGravel lane, Shadwell. 13. Old Gravellane, Ratcliff Highway. 14. Great St.Anne’s lane, by Orchard street, Westminster.15. Hand alley. 16. Harrow alley,Petticoat lane. 17. Hart street, CrutchedFriars. 18. High Holborn. 19. Hoglane. 20. Kent street. 21. Knightsbridge.22. Lamb alley. 23. Little Broadstreet. 24. Little Newport street. 25.St. Margaret’s hill. 26. Middle Temple.27. Moor lane. 28. Narrow street, Ratcliff.29. Newington Butts. 30. Newstreet. 31. Nightingale lane. 32. Peterstreet, Westminster. 33. Petticoat lane,Whitechapel. 34. Pig street, Threadneedlestreet. 35. Quaker street, Spitalfields.36. Rosemary lane, Tower hill.37. St. Swithin’s lane, Canon street. 38.Throgmorton street. 39. Wentworth28street. 40. White Horse yard. 41. Whitestreet. 42. York street.

New Crane, Wapping Wall.

New Crane stairs, Wapping.

New Fish street, By Great Eastcheap.

New Fish Street hill, New Fish street.

Newgate, is situated 1037 feet south westfrom Aldersgate, and is thought by mostAntiquarians, to be so denominated fromits being first erected in the reign ofHenry I. several ages after the four originalgates of the city: Howel is howeverof a contrary opinion, and asserts thatit was only repaired in the above reign,and that it was anciently denominatedChamberlain gate; tho’ it is very extraordinary,that this gate is not once mentionedbefore the conquest. But be thisas it will, it appears from ancient records,that it was called Newgate, and was acommon jail for felons taken in the cityof London, or the county of Middlesex,so early as the year 1218; and that solately as the year 1457, Newgate, andnot the Tower, was a prison for the nobilityand great officers of state.

At length Newgate being much damagedby the fire of London in 1666,the present beautiful structure was erected.The west side is adorned with three29ranges of Tuscan pilasters, with their entablatures,and in the inter-columniationsare four niches, in one of which isa figure representing Liberty; the wordLibertas is inscribed on her cap, and ather feet lies a cat, in allusion to SirRichard Whittington, a benefactor to theprison, who is said to have made the firststep to his good fortune by a cat.

The inside of the gate is also adornedwith a range of pilasters, with their entablatures,and in three niches are thefigures of Justice, Mercy and Truth.

The author of The Review observes,

“That Newgate considered as a prison,is a structure of more cost and beautythan was necessary, because the sumptuousnessof the outside but aggravatesthe misery of the wretches within:but as a gate to such a city as London,it might have received considerableadditions both of design and execution,and abundantly answered the cost inthe reputation of building. The gateof a city erected rather for ornamentthan use, ought to be in the style ofthe ancient triumphal arches; and itmust be allowed, that hardly any kindof building, admits of more beauty orperfection.”

If Newgate be considered as a prison,30it is indeed a very dismal one. It is thecounty jail for Middlesex, both for debtorsand malefactors, as well as the cityprison for criminals. The debtor renderedunfortunate by the vicissitudes of trade,or unforeseen losses, has the reproach ofbeing confined in the same prison with thegreatest villains; and too often his beingin Newgate is imputed by the ignorant tocrimes which he abhors. On the otherhand, those confined as criminals, are,even before they are found guilty by thelaws of their country, packed so close together,that the air being corrupted bytheir stench and nastiness, occasions a dismalcontagious disease, called the Jaildistemper, which has frequently carriedoff great numbers, and even spread itscontagion to the Court of Justice, wherethey take their trials. But to preventthese dreadful effects the city has introduceda ventilator on the top of Newgate,to expel the foul air, and make way forthe admission of such as is fresh; and duringthe sessions herbs are also strewed inthe Justice Hall, and the passages to it,to prevent infection.

In this prison there are however commodiousand airy apartments for the useof such as are able to pay for them; andthe advantage of a private passage behind31the houses to Justice Hall in the Old Bailey,where they are in no danger of beingrescued, while going to, or comingback from their trials. It is tobe wished that this prison was madestill more commodious; that the littlecells of the malefactors were enlargedand rendered more airy, and that theproposal so often talked of, of buildinganother prison for the debtors, was carriedinto execution.

Newgate Market, before the dreadfulfire of London, was kept in Newgatestreet, where there was a market housefor meal, and a middle row of sheds,which Maitland says, were afterwardsconverted into houses, inhabited by butchers,tripesellers, &c. while the countrypeople, who brought provisions to thecity, were forced to stand with their stallsin the open street, where their personsand goods were exposed to danger by thepassage of coaches, carts, and cattle thatpassed through the streets. This mustbe allowed to have been a very inconvenientmarket, and the houses or sheds inthe middle of the street, must almosthave choaked up the passage, or at leasthave rendered it liable to frequent obstructions.At that time Butcher halllane was filled with slaughter houses for32the use of this market, and Blowbladderstreet was rendered remarkable by blownbladders hanging in the windows of theshops, where bladders were sold.

After the fire of London, which affordedan opportunity of rendering thenew streets more commodious than theold ones had been, it was ordered by actof parliament that Newgate market shouldbe removed from the street, and a squarewas formed on the south side for that purpose,surrounded by decent houses. Thissquare is 194 feet long from east to west,and 148 feet broad from north to south.In the middle is a market house, underwhich are vaults or cellars, and the upperpart of the building is employed as a kindof warehouse for the fruiterers, and thekeepers of green stalls by night. In the shopsunder this building tripe and other thingsare sold, and in the middle near the markethouse are sold fruit and greens. At a convenientdistance are shops for butchers, thesellers of butter, &c. and the houses beyondthese, which extend along the sidesof the market, are also taken up by butchers.It may be proper to observe withrespect to the butter shops, that some ofthese contract for the produce of severaldairies, and that it is not uncommon forone of these shops to take 30 or 40l. for33butter alone, in a morning, even beforeeight or nine o’clock. The passages tothe market from Paternoster row andNewgate street, are taken up with poulterers,bacon shops, fishmongers, andcheesemongers.

Newgate street, is a street of considerabletrade, and extends from Blowbladderstreet, to Newgate.

New George street, 1. Near Bethnal green.2. St. John’s street, Spitalfields.

New Gravel lane, Shadwell. Thus namedfrom the carts loaded with gravel passingthrough it to the Thames, where thegravel was employed in ballasting of ships,before ballasting was taken out of theriver. It obtained the epithet of New,to distinguish it from the Old Gravellane, which was used for the same purposelong before.

Newell street, Berwick street, Old Soho.†

New Jail, in Southwark, a prison latelyerected near Bridewell alley, in the Borough,for felons in the county of Surry.

Newington Butts, a village in Surry,extending from the end of Blackmanstreet, to Kennington common, is said toreceive the name of Butts, from the exerciseof shooting at Butts, much practised,both here and in the other towns of34England, in the reign of King Henry VIII.&c. to fit men to serve in the regimentof archers. But Mr. Aubrey thinks itreceived this name from the Butts ofNorfolk, who had an estate here. TheDrapers and Fishmongers company havealmshouses here: and Mr. Whatley observes,that here were planted the firstpeaches so much esteemed, distinguishedby the name of Newington peaches. Thechurch here, which is dedicated to St.Mary, is a rectory in the gift of the Bishopof Winchester, and the profits arisingto the Incumbent amount to about140l. per annum. Maitland. See StokeNewington.

Newington causeway row, Blackman street.

Newington Green, a pleasant village betweenIslington and Stoke Newington,chiefly consisting of a handsome squareof a considerable extent surrounded byhouses which are in general well built;before each side is a row of trees, and anextensive grass plat in the middle. It isin the parish of Stoke Newington;on one side of the ground is a meetinghouse. See Stoke Newington.

New Inn, contiguous to St. Clement’s Inn,in Wych street, is one of the Inns ofChancery, and was founded about theyear 1485, for the reception of the students35of an Inn of Chancery, at the southeast corner of Seacoal lane.

New Inn is an appendage to the MiddleTemple, and is governed by a Treasurerand twelve Ancients, who, withthe other members, are to be in commonsa week every term, or to compoundfor the same. Maitland.

New Inn court, Wych street.

New Inn passage, Houghton street, Claremarket.

New Inn yard, Holiwell street, Shoreditch.

New lane, Shad Thames.

Newman’s court, 1. In Cornhill.† 2. Farmer’sstreet, Shadwell.†

Newmarket street, Wapping.

New Marten street, Near East Smithfield.†

New Nicol street, Swanfields, Shoreditch.†

New North street, Theobald’s row, RedLion street, Holborn.

New Packthread alley, Grange road,Bermondsey.

New Packthread yard, Westminster.

New Palace yard, by Union street, Westminster.When King Richard II. rebuiltWestminster Hall in the year 1397, thatpart was called the New Palace, and beinginclosed with a wall, it had fourgates, of which that leading to Westminsterstairs is the only one now standing.The three others that have been36demolished were, one on the north, whichled to the Woolstaple; another to thewest, a beautiful and stately edifice calledHigh Gate, at the east end of Union street;and another at the north end of St. Margaret’slane. Maitland.

New Park, in Surry. See Richmond.

New Paradise street, Rotherhith.

New Passage, 1. Bull and Mouth street,St. Martin’s le Grand. 2. Newgate market.

New Peter street, Peter street.

Newport alley, Newport street, near Newportmarket.

Newport court, Little Newport street, nearLong Acre.

Newport Market, Litchfield street, asquare with shops round it, with a markethouse in the middle, in which are shopsfor butchers, &c.

Newport street, Castle street, near Newportmarket.

New Prison, near the east end of Clerkenwellgreen, is a house of correction forthe county of Middlesex, in which roguesand vagabonds are kept to hard labour. Itwas erected in the year 1615.

New Prison walk, a passage leading to theNew Prison, Clerkenwell.

New Pump court, Moor lane, Cripplegate.

New Pye street, by Orchard street, Westminster.

37New Queen street, Oxford street.

New Rag Fair, Rosemary lane, LittleTower hill.

New Rents, 1. Compter lane, St. Margaret’shill. 2. St. Martin’s le Grand.

New River. Various were the projects inthe reigns of Queen Elizabeth, and KingJames I. for supplying the city of Londonwith a sufficient quantity of water,for domestic uses: the former granted anact of parliament, which gave the citizensliberty to cut and convey a river from anypart of Middlesex or Hertfordshire to thecity of London, within the limited timeof ten years; and the latter granted anotheract, in which they obtained the samepower, but without being confined toany limited time: nobody however beganthis great and important work, tillat last Sir Hugh Middleton undertook tobring a river from Amwell in Hertfordshireto the north side of London nearIslington.

The work began on the 20th of September1608, and was attended with innumerabledifficulties. The distance fromLondon is twenty miles, and he wasobliged, in order to avoid the eminencesand vallies in the way, to make it run acourse of thirty-eight miles three quartersand sixteen poles, and to carry it over38two vallies in long wooden frames ortroughs lined with lead; that at Buthill,being six hundred and sixty feet in length,and thirty in height; under which, forthe passage of the land waters is an archcapacious enough to admit under it thelargest waggon laden with hay, or straw:the other near Highbury is four hundredand sixty-two feet long, and seventeen inheight, where it is raised along the topof high artificial banks, and at the bottomof the hollow supported by poles, sothat any person may walk under it. Inshort over and under this river, whichsometimes rises thus high, and at othersis conveyed under ground, runs severalconsiderable currents of land waters, andboth above and below it a great numberof brooks, rills, and water courses havetheir passage.

This river, which is of inestimablebenefit to London, was by this truly greatman brought to the city within the spaceof five years, and was admitted into thereservoir near Islington on Michaelmasday 1613; on which day Sir ThomasMiddleton, brother to the great Sir Hugh,was elected Lord Mayor for the ensuingyear, who accompanying Sir John Swinerton,then Lord Mayor, attended by manyof the Aldermen, the Recorder, and39other gentlemen, repaired to the bason, nowcalled New River Head, when about sixtylabourers, handsomely dressed, and wearinggreen caps, carrying spades, shovels,and pickaxes, marched, preceded by drumsand trumpets, thrice round the bason,when stopping before the Lord Mayor,Aldermen, and other gentlemen, whowere seated upon an eminence, one ofthe labourers addressed himself to themin a long copy of verses, which beingended, the sluices were opened, and thestream ran plentifully into the reservoir,under the sound of drums and trumpets,the discharge of several pieces of ordnance,and the loud acclamations of thepeople.

Sir Hugh Middleton, to enable himselfto complete this grand work, had at last,after spending his own fortune, beenobliged to apply to King James I. who advancinga sum of money became entitledto a moiety of the profits; he was alsoobliged to sell many other shares, and inshort, was in a manner entirely ruined bya project, that has been attended withunspeakable benefit to this city: since bythe water of this river, a speedy stop hasbeen put to a great number of dreadfulfires, and the health of the city has beenremarkably preserved by the cleanliness it40has introduced among us. Yet so littlewas the great advantages that might then,and are now derived from this river, atthat time understood, that for above thirtyyears there were not divided above 5l.odd money, to each of the shares, whichare seventy-two in number.

This river now draws most of its waterfrom the Lee, which being the propertyof the city of London, that corporation,contrary to the interest of the city ingeneral, opposed a bill brought into parliamentfor giving farther powers to theNew River company, to take the advantagethat might be obtained by the riverLee: but the opposition was withouteffect, and in 1738–9 the bill passed intoa law.

The Governors of the New Rivercompany then agreed with the proprietorsof the lands on the river Lee for acut of two cubic feet of water from thatriver, at a certain rate; and after theagreement, told them they would doublethe price for a four foot cut, which theproprietors agreed to, not considering thegreat disproportion between the two cuts;and this cut of the river Lee now suppliesthe largest share of the New Riverwater.

In this river there are forty three41sluices, and over it two hundred andfifteen bridges. On its approaching thereservoir, called New River Head,there are several small houses erected at aconsiderable distance from each other onits banks, into which the water runs andis conveyed by pipes to the nearer andmore easterly parts of this metropolis.On its entering the above reservoir, it isthere ingulphed by fifty-eight main pipes,each of seven inches bore; and here alsoan engine worked by horses, throws agreat quantity of water up to another reservoir,situated on much higher ground,from which the water runs in pipes tosupply the highest ground in the city, andits liberties. Many years ago 30,000houses were thus supplied by this water,and since that time several main pipes havebeen laid to carry it into the liberties ofWestminster.

This corporation consists of a Governor,Deputy Governor, Treasurer, andtwenty-six Directors, these twenty-nineare the proprietors of the first thirty-sixshares: for though the Crown’s moietyis in private hands, yet they have no sharein the management. The above Governorand Directors keep their office at acoffee-house in Ludgate street where everyThursday they hold a board for appointing42of officers, granting of leases, and redressingof grievances.

The officers and servants belonging tothe company are, a clerk and his assistant;a surveyor and his deputy; fourteencollectors, who, after deducting 5l. percent. for collecting the company’s rents,pay their money every Thursday to thetreasurer; fourteen walksmen, who havetheir several walks along the river, to preventthrowing into it filth, or infectiousmatter; sixteen turnco*cks; twelve paviours;twenty borers of pipes; besideshorse engines for boring of others, togetherwith a great number of inferior servantsand labourers.

New Round court, In the Strand.

New square, 1. Lincoln’s Inn. 2. In theMinories. 3. New street, St. Thomas’s,Southwark.

New street, 1. Bishopsgate street. 2. Cambridgestreet. 3. Cloth Fair, Smithfield.4. Dyot street, St. Giles’s. 5. Horselydown.6. Fore street, Lambeth. 7. Fox’slane, Shadwell. 8. Lower Shadwell. 9.St. Martin’s lane, Charing Cross. 10.Old street. 11. Queen street, in the Mint.12. Shoe lane, Fleet street. 13. Shoemakerrow, Black Friars. 14. Spring Gardens,Charing Cross. 15. St. Thomas’s43Southwark. 16. Threadneedle street. 17.Upper Shadwell.

New Street hill, Shoe lane, Fleet street.

New Street square, near Shoe lane.

New Street Square lane, Shoe lane.

New Swan yard, Rag street.

New Thames street, Bank side, Southwark.

New Thames Street stairs, Bank side.

Newton’s court, Vine street.†

Newton street, High Holborn.†

New Tothill street, Near WestminsterAbbey.

New Turnstile alley, Holborn.

New Turville street, Virginia row, Shoreditch.†

New Tyler street, Carnaby street.†

New way, 1. In the Maze, Tooley street.2. Orchard street.

New well, Shad Thames, Horselydown.

New yard, Fenchurch street.

New York street, Skinners street, Shoreditch.

St. Nicholas Acons, a church whichstood on the west side of Nicholas lane,in Langbourn ward, owed its name toits dedication to St. Nicholas, a citizen ofLycia in Asia Minor, who, though onlya private housekeeper, was, from the capriceof the electors, chosen Bishop ofMyræa; for the Bishops and Priests interestedin the election not agreeing about44the choice, came to an unanimous resolutionthat whatever person should firstenter the church the next day, shouldbe elected Bishop: when Nicholas repairingearly next morning, to performhis devotions, being the first that entered,was chosen Bishop, pursuant to the aboveresolution; in which office his deportmentwas such, as to procure him a placeamong the class of saints.

The church being destroyed with mostof the other public buildings by the fireof London, and not rebuilt, the parish wasannexed to the church of St. Edmundthe King. Newc. Repert. Eccles.

St. Nicholas alley, St. Nicholas lane, Lombardstreet.

St. Nicholas Cole Abbey, on the southside of Old Fish street, in Queenhitheward, is thus denominated from its dedicationto the above-mentioned saint, butthe reason of the additional epithet is notknown, some conjecturing that it is acorruption of Golden Abbey, and othersthat it is derived from Cold Abbey, orColdbey, from its cold or bleak situation.It is known that there was a church in thesame place before the year 1383: but thelast structure being consumed in the greatconflagration in 1666, the present church45was built in its place, and the parish ofSt. Nicholas Olave united to it.

This edifice consists of a plain bodywell enlightened by a single range of windowsdecently ornamented. It is sixty-threefeet long, and forty-three broad;thirty-six feet high to the roof, and anhundred thirty-five to the top of thespire. The tower is plain, but strengthenedwith rustic at the corners; and thespire, which is of the massy kind, has agallery, and many openings.

The advowson of this church, whichwas anciently in the Dean and Chapterof St. Martin’s le Grand, is now in theCrown. The Rector, besides his otherprofits, receives 130l. a year in lieu oftithes. Maitland.

St. Nicholas lane, extends from Lombardstreet to Canon street.

St. Nicholas Shambles, a church formerlysituated at the corner of Butcher halllane, took its additional epithet fromthe flesh market, which before the fireof London extended along Newgatestreet. This church with its ornamentswas given by King Henry VIII. to theMayor and Commonalty of the city, towardsthe maintenance of the new parishchurch then to be erected in the GreyFriars. Maitland.

46Nicholas’s Almshouse, in Monkwellstreet, was founded in the year 1575, bySir Ambrose Nicholas, citizen and salter,for the accommodation of twelve widowsof his company, to each of whom he allowed1s. per week, and twenty-fourbushels of coals a year. This charity hecommitted in trust to the company ofSalters; the house was however destroyedin the great conflagration in 1666; butwas soon after rebuilt, and each widowallowed two neat rooms and a garret.Maitland.

Nicoll’s alley, Cable street, Rag Fair, Rosemarylane.†

Nicoll’s court, 1. Rosemary lane, LittleTower hill.† 2. Sharp’s alley.†

Nicoll’s street, Shoreditch.†

Nightingale lane, 1. East Smithfield.†2. Fore street, Limehouse.†

Nightingale turning, at the Hermitage,Wapping.†

Nippard’s court, Baldwin’s Gardens.†

Nixon’s court, Barnaby street, Southwark.†

Nixon’s square, a very mean little square,by Jewin street.†

Noah’s Ark alley, Narrow street, Ratcliff.*Noble street, 1. Foster lane, Cheapside.†2. Goswell street, by Aldersgate bars.†

Noel street, Burlington Gardens.†

Nonesuch, in Surry, is situated near Suttonand Epsom, and was formerly called Cuddington,47till a most magnificent palacewas erected there, by Henry VIII. whichobtained the name of Nonesuch from itsunparallelled beauty. The learned Hentzner,in his Itinerarium, speaking of thispalace, says, that it was chosen for hispleasure and retirement, and built by himwith an excess of magnificence and eleganceeven to ostentation: one wouldimagine every thing that architecture canperform to have been employed in thisone work: there are every where so manystatues that seem to breathe, so manymiracles of consummate art, so many caststhat rival even the perfection of Romanantiquity, that it may well claim and justifyits name of Nonesuch.

The palace itself is so encompassed withparks full of deer, delightful gardens,groves ornamented with trellis work,cabinets of verdure, and walks so embrownedby trees, that it seems to be aplace pitched upon by Pleasure herself, todwell in along with Health.

In the pleasure and artificial gardensare many columns and pyramids of marble,two fountains that spout water one roundthe other, like a pyramid, upon whichare perched small birds that stream waterout of their bills: in the grove of Dianais a very agreeable fountain, with Actæonturned into a stag, as he was sprinkled48by the goddess and her nymphs, with inscriptions.

There is besides another pyramid ofmarble full of concealed pipes, which spirtupon all who come within their reach.

Such was this palace and gardens whenHentzner wrote, but King Charles II. gaveit to the duch*ess of Cleveland, who pulledit down and sold the materials; wherewitha new house was built by the Earlof Berkley, which was the seat of the lateEarl of Guildford, and is now called Durdans;and Nonesuch, though it gives thetitle of Baron to the Duke of Cleveland,is now only a farm house.

Norfolk street, in the Strand. The bishopof Bath’s palace in the Strand, was afterwards,says Maitland, the Earl of Arundel’s,whence Arundel and Norfolk streets hadtheir names.

Norman’s court, Cable street.†

Norris’s street, 1. In the Haymarket.†2. Spitalfields.†

Norris’s wharf, Millbank, WestminsterHorse ferry.

Norrison’s court, near Stangate.†

North Audley street, Grosvenor square.

North End, a pleasant village near Hammersmith,where are the handsome houseand finely disposed gardens of the Earlof Tilney, and of the late Sir JohnStanley.

49North court, South street.

Northall, a village on the north side ofEnfield Chace, three miles north of HighBarnet, is said to be corruptly so calledfrom Northaw, or the North Grove, herebeing a wood that belonged to the monasteryof St. Alban’s. A noble house wasbuilt here in the reign of Queen Elizabethby Henry Dudley Earl of Warwick; afterwhose death it came to several possessors,and being sold to William Leman, descendedto Sir William Leman his grandson,who has given the rent of the wellsto the poor of the parish. King James I.also gave 40l. a year to the town in lieu ofthe ground he laid into his park, at Theobald’sout of the common.

North passage, Wellclose square.

North Prescot alley, St. John’s street,Smithfield.

North row, North Audley street.

North street, 1. Lamb street, Spitalfields.2. Poplar. 3. Smith Square, Westminster.

Northampton street, Wood’s close, St.John street.

Northumberland alley, Fenchurchstreet.

Northumberland court, 1. Southamptonbuildings, Chancery lane. 2. In thestrand.

Northumberland House, derives itsname from the title of the ancient and noblefamily, in whose possession it has beenabove 100 years. It is the town residenceof the Right Honourable the Earl andCountess of Northumberland, and one ofthe largest and most magnificent housesin London. It was originally built veryearly in the reign of James I. by HenryHoward Earl of Northampton; and it isreasonable to infer from some letters discoveredin the front when it was lately rebuilt,that one Miles Glover was thearchitect.

At first it consisted only of three sidesof a square; one of which faced the streetnear Charing Cross, and the other twoextended towards the Thames. The entrancewas then, as it is now, thro’ a spaciousarched gateway for coaches in themiddle of the street front; and, whatis remarkable, the principal apartmentswere in the third or highest story. Duringthe life of the aforesaid Lord, it wascalled Northampton House, after his deathit became the property of his near relationthe Earl of Suffolk; in whose time it doesnot appear to have undergone any changeexcept in name; for it was thereupon calledSuffolk House.

51In the reign of Charles I. AlgernonEarl Of Northumberland, the Lord HighAdmiral of England, married Lord Suffolk’sdaughter, and about the year1642, became the proprietor of thishouse; from which time it has been wellknown by the name it now bears. Toprevent mistakes, we beg leave to observe,that the Northumberland House, whichis often mentioned in history before thisperiod, stood in Aldersgate ward in thecity, and was formerly, what this houseis at present, the town seat of the Earlsof Northumberland. But to return.

When London became more populous,and the buildings about Charing Crossdaily increased, ‘twas found inconvenientto live in the apartments, which hadbeen built by Lord Northampton; becausethey were greatly disturbed by thehurry and noise of passengers and coachesin the street. To avoid therefore thatinconvenience, the aforesaid Earl ofNorthumberland compleated the squareby building the fourth side; which beingparallel and opposite to that next thestreet, is placed at a sufficient distancefrom the aforesaid disturbances, and almostenjoys all the advantages of retirementand a country seat. Inigo Jonesappears to have been the architect employed52for that purpose, and the front ofthe new side, which he built facing thegarden, is very grand and stately, as thereader may see from the perspective viewof it, annexed to this account.

Perhaps it will please some of our readersto be informed, that Lord Northumberlandreceived General Monk, and hada conference with him and several of theleading men in the nation in one of theseapartments. At which meeting the King’srestoration was for the first time proposedin direct terms, as a measure absolutelynecessary to the peace of thekingdom.

In the year 1682, Charles Duke ofSomerset married the Lady ElizabethPercy, the daughter and heiress of JoscelineEarl of Northumberland, and bythat means became possessed of thishouse. Upon his death it descended tohis son Algernon, by the aforesaid Lady,who succeeded to the title and a verylarge estate in 1748. His Grace immediatelybegan to make alterations in someof the apartments, and to rebuild thefront next the street; but, dying theyear after, he did not live sufficient timeto finish either.

The house in that condition, descendedto his son-in-law and daughter, the present53Earl and Countess of Northumberland;and it is in a great measure owingto the improvements, made by them ata very great expence and in a very finetaste, that Northumberland House is becomea building so complete and stately, asto be generally admired for its eleganceand grandeur.

The street was immediately madewider, and the front next to it compleated,as it appears in the print prefixed tothis description. The four sides of thecourt were new faced with Portland stone,and finished in the Roman stile of architecture,so as to form as it were fourstately fronts. Two new wings were alsoadded, being above 100 feet in length,and extending from the garden front, towardsthe Thames. By means of theseadditions Northumberland House is morethan twice as large as it was, when firstbuilt by Lord Northampton.

The entrance into it is on the side ofthe court opposite to the great gateway;the vestibule is about 82 feet long, andmore than 12 feet broad, being properlyornamented with columns of the Doric order.Each end of it communicates witha stair case, leading to the principal apartments,which face the garden and theThames. They consist of several spacious54rooms, fitted up in the most elegantmanner. The ceilings are embellishedwith copies of antique paintings, or fineornaments of stucco, richly gilt. Thechimney pieces consist of statuary andother curious marble, carved and finishedin the most correct taste. The roomsare hung either with beautiful tapestry orthe richest damasks, and magnificentlyfurnished with large glasses, chairs, settees,marble tables, &c. with framesof the most exquisite workmanship, andrichly gilt. They also contain a greatvariety of landscapes, history pieces, andportraits, painted by Titian and the mosteminent masters. In some of the roomsmay be seen large chests, embellishedwith old genuine japan; which beinggreat rarities, are almost invaluable.

The company passes thro’ many of theseapartments to the left wing, which formsa state gallery or ball room, admirable inevery respect, whether we consider thedimensions, the taste, and masterly mannerin which it is finished, or theelegant magnificence of the furniture.

It is 106 feet long, the breadth beinga fourth part of the length, and theheight equal to the diagonal of the squareof the breadth; which proportions areesteemed to be the most proper for a gallery.55The ceiling is coved and ornamentedwith figures and festoons richly gilt. Toavoid repetitions, we beg leave oncefor all to say the same of the otherdecorations and frames of the furniture;for there is such a variety of gildingin the different parts of the gallery,that it would be endless to mention it inevery particular description. But to proceed,the flat part of the ceiling is dividedinto five compartments, ornamented withfine imitations of some antique figures,as, a flying Fame blowing a trumpet; aDiana; a triumphal car drawn by twohorses; a Flora; and a Victory holdingout a laurel wreath. The entablature isCorinthian, and of most exquisite workmanship.The light is admitted thro’nine windows in the side next the garden,being equidistant from one another,and in the same horizontal direction.Above these is another row of windows,which, tho’ not visible in the room, areso artfully placed as to throw a properquantity of light over the cornice, so thatthe highest parts of the room are as muchenlightened as the lowest, and the pictureson the opposite side are free fromthat confused glare, which would arisefrom a less judicious disposition. In thespaces between the windows, there are56tables of antique marble, and stools coveredwith crimson damask, placed alternately.The piers are also ornamentedwith large square and oval glasses, arrangedin the aforesaid order; the frames ofwhich form a beautiful variety of foliageto adorn the higher parts quite up to theentablature.

Let us now pass over to the oppositeside, which is divided into three largespaces by two chimney pieces made of statuarymarble, with cornices supported byfigures of Phrygian captives, copied fromthose in the Capitol at Rome, and executedin a very masterly manner. The finishingabove the chimney pieces consists ofterms, sphinxes, festoons, &c. and withinthe spaces formed by these ornamentsare placed whole length portraits of theEarl and Countess of Northumberland intheir robes.

That the three grand divisions of this sidemight be furnished in an elegant manner,his Lordship employed the most eminentmasters to copy five of the most admiredpaintings in Italy, which are placed asfollows: in the middle and largest divisionis Raphael’s celebrated school of Athens,copied from the original in the Vatican byRaphael Mengs. In the two other divisionson the right and left hand side57of the former are placed the feast andcouncil of the Gods, which were alsopainted by Raphael, and copied byPompeio Battoni from the originals in theLittle Farnese. The two ends of thegallery are ornamented with the triumphalprocession of Bacchus and Ariadne (originallypainted by Annibal Caracci in theFarnese palace) and Guido’s Aurora. Theformer was copied by Felice Costansi, andthe latter by Masuccio, a scholar of CarloMaratti, from the original in the VillaRospigliosi. All these pictures are verylarge, being exactly of the same dimensionswith the originals, and are copied in avery masterly manner. We heartily wishhis Lordship’s taste in procuring themmay incite those, who can afford it, tofollow the example, and purchase copiesof such paintings as are universally admired;for by these means not only privatecuriosity would be gratified, butthe public taste also greatly improved.

Under the aforesaid pictures are placedlarge sophas, covered with crimson damaskand richly ornamented. This gallery islighted up for the reception of companyin the evenings, by means of four glasslustres, consisting in all of as manybranches as will receive 100 large waxcandles, and suspended from the ceiling58by long chains, magnificently gilt. Weshall close our imperfect account of thisstately gallery, by wishing that it was inthe power of words to describe the fineeffects, which arise from a view of itsnumberless beauties.

Besides the apartments already mentioned,there are above 140 rooms morein this house; which, being so numerous,and chiefly appropriated to the privateuses of the family, cannot be particularlydescribed in a work of this nature; however,we must add, that Lord and LadyNorthumberland’s apartments are verycommodious and elegantly furnished; herLadyship’s closet is even a repository ofcuriosities, and, amongst other valuablethings, contains so fine a collection ofpictures, as to afford a most pleasing andalmost endless entertainment to a connoisseur.The two libraries also consist of agreat variety of books on the most usefuland curious subjects, collected with judgement.

We have hitherto endeavoured to givesome idea of the gradual improvements,by which Northumberland House acquiredits present grandeur and magnificence;but we cannot take our leave of it withoutconducting, as it were, the readerinto the garden, where he may enjoy the59quiet and tranquility of the country amidstthe noise and distraction of the town, andcontrast the simple beauties of nature, withthe stately productions of art.

It lies between the house and theThames, and forms a pleasing piece ofscenery before the principal apartments;for it consists of a fine lawn surroundedwith a neat gravel walk, and boundednext the walls by a border of curiousflowers, shrubs and ever-greens. At theend of the garden beyond the wall, werea few buildings which his Lordship orderedto be taken down, to open a largerprospect across the Thames to Southwark,and into the country behind it. And, asthe horizon is finely diversified withhills, which when every thing is compleated,will appear as it were in the backscene, the view will command a verybeautiful landscape.

Northumberland place, Fenchurchstreet.

Northumberland street, a handsomestreet now building in the Strand, byNorthumberland House, down to theThames, the houses in Hartshorn alleybeing pulled down for that purpose.

Norton Falgate, a street whichextends from the end of Bishopsgate withoutto Shoreditch.

60Norwich court, East Smithfield.

Nottingham court, Castle street, LongAcre.

Nottingham street, Plumtree street.

Nun’s court, 1. Coleman street. 2. NewGravel lane.

Nutkin’s corner, Rotherhith wall.†

Nutmaker’s rents, New Gravel lane,Shadwell.†

O.

Oakey street, Thames street.†

Oakey’s court, Hare street, Brick lane,Spitalfields.†

Oakley’s yard, Town ditch, by Christ’shospital.†

Oar street, Gravel lane, near Falconstairs.

Oat lane, Noble street, Foster lane, Cheapside.

Oatlands, adjoining to Weybridge inSurry, is the seat of the Earl of Lincoln.The park is about four miles round. Thehouse is situated about the middle of theterrace, whose majestic grandeur, and thebeautiful landscape which it commands,words cannot describe, nor the pencil delineate61so as to give an adequate idea ofthis fine scene.

The serpentine river which you lookdown upon from the terrace, though artificial,appears as beautiful as it coulddo were it natural; and a stranger whodid not know the place would conclude itto be the Thames, in which opinion hewould be confirmed by the view of Waltonbridge over that river, which by ahappy contrivance is made to look like abridge over it, and closes the prospect thatway finely.

Oatmeal yard, Barnaby street, Southwark.

Ocean street, Stepney.

Of alley, York buildings. See the articleYork buildings.

Ogden’s court, Wych street, Drury lane.†

Ogle street, Margaret’s street, Cavendishsquare.†

Ogilby’s court, Long ditch.†

Old Artillery ground, Steward street.

St. Olave’s Hart street, situated at thesouth side of Hart street in Tower streetward, is thus denominated from its dedicationto St. Olave, or Olaus, King ofNorway, who from his strong attachmentto the Christian religion, took partin the disputes with the English andDanes; for this, together with his supporting62Christianity in his own dominions,and his sufferings on that account, hestands sainted in the Roman calendar.

A church stood in the same place, dedicatedto the same royal patron, beforethe year 1319. The present structure isof considerable antiquity, for it escapedthe flames in 1666, and since that timehas had several repairs and additions,among which last is the portico; thisis no small ornament, though it is notwell adapted to the edifice. This porticowas added in the year 1674.

This is a mixed building, with respectto its materials, as well as its form, partbeing of square stone, part of irregularstone, and part of brick. The body,which is square, is fifty-four feet inlength, and the same in breadth; theheight of the roof is thirty feet, and thatof the steeple sixty. The windows arelarge and gothic, and every thing plainexcept the portico, which is formedof Corinthian pilasters, with an archedpediment. The tower, which consistsof a single stage above the roof, is alsoextremely plain, and the turret wherewithit is crowned is well proportioned.

The patronage of this rectory has allalong been in private hands. The Incumbent,besides several annual donations,63and other profits, receives 120l. a year intithes.

Mr. Weaver in his funeral monuments,mentions the following very whimsicalone in this church, for Dame Anne, thewife of Sir John Ratcliff, Knt. which isto be read both downwards and upwards,

Mr. Munday, in his edition of Stow’ssurvey, mentions another here, whichthough of a different kind, appears equallyextraordinary.

St. Olave’s Jewry, situated on the westside of the Old Jewry, in Coleman streetward, was anciently denominated St.Olave’s Upwell, from its dedication to thesaint of that name, and probably from awell under the east end, wherein a pumpis now placed; but that gave way to the64name of Jewry, owing to this neighbourhood’sbecoming the principal residence ofthe Jews in this city.

Here was a parish church so early asthe year 1181; the last sacred edificewas destroyed by the fire of London, andthe present finished in 1673. It consistsof a well enlightened body, seventy-eightfeet in length, and twenty-four in breadth;the height to the roof is thirty-six feet,and that of the tower and pinacleseighty-eight. The door is well proportioned,and of the Doric order, coveredwith an arched pediment. On the upperpart of the tower, which is very plain,rises a cornice supported by scrolls; andupon this plain attic course, on the pillarsat the corners, are placed the pinacles,standing on balls, and each terminated onthe top by a ball.

This church, tho’ anciently a rectory,is now a vicarage in the gift of the Crown;and the parish of St. Martin, Ironmongerlane, is now united to it, by which theIncumbent’s profits are considerably increased;he receives besides other profits,120l. a year in lieu of tithes.

St. Olave’s Silver street, stood at the southwest corner of Silver street, in Aldersgateward; but being consumed by the fireof London, and not rebuilt, the parish65is annexed to the neighbouring church ofSt. Alban’s Wood street.

St. Olave’s Southwark, is situated inTooley street, near the south end ofLondon bridge. Tho’ the time when achurch was first erected in this place cannotbe discovered, yet it appears to be ofconsiderable antiquity, since it is mentionedso early as the year 1281. However, partof the old church falling down in 1736,and the rest being in a ruinous condition,the parishioners applied to parliament fora power to rebuild it, which being granted,they were thereby enabled to raisethe sum of 5000l. by a rate of 6d. in thepound, to be levied out of the rents of alllands and tenements within the parish;accordingly the church was taken downin the summer of the year 1737, andthe present structure finished in 1739.

It consists of a plain body strengthenedwith rustic quoins at the corners; the dooris well proportioned without ornament,and the windows are placed in three series;the lowest is upright, but considerablybroad; those above them circular, andothers on the roof are large and semicircular.The tower consists of three stages;the uppermost of which is considerably diminished;in this is the clock, and in thestages below are large windows. The top ofthe tower is surrounded by a plain substantial66balustrade, and the whole has an airof plainness and simplicity.

It is a rectory in the gift of the Crown,and the Incumbent’s profits are said toamount to about 400l. per annum.

St. Olave’s School. See the article QueenElizabeth’s School.

Old Artillery Ground, Artillery lane,Spitalfields. See the article ArtilleryGround.

Old Bailey, a street which extends fromLudgate hill to the top of Snow hill, byNewgate. On the upper part near Fleetlane, the street is divided into two by amiddle row of buildings, whence that towardsthe west is called Little Old Bailey,and the other to the eastward, is calledGreat Old Bailey. This street from Ludgatehill to Fleet lane, is in the libertiesof the Fleet. In the upper part is JusticeHall commonly called the Sessions house,and in the lower part Surgeons Hall.Maitland observes, that the Old Baileytook its name from the Bale or Bailiff’shouse, formerly standing there.

Old Barge House stairs, Glasshouse yard,near Angel street, Southwark.

Old Barge House stairs lane, near Angelstreet, and almost opposite the Temple.

Old Bear Garden, Maid lane, Southwark;thus named from a bear gardenformerly there.

67Old Bedlam, or Old Bethlem, Bishopsgatestreet. See the article BethlemHospital.

Old Bedlam court, Old Bedlam.

Old Bedlam lane, Bishopsgate street, nearMoorfields, where Bethlem hospital formerlystood.

Old Belton street, Brownlow street.†

Old Bond street, Piccadilly.

Old Bosville court, Clement’s lane,Temple bar.†

Old Brewhouse yard, Chick lane, Smithfield.

Old Buildings, Lincoln’s Inn.

Old Burlington mews, Old Bond street.

Old Castle street, Wentworth street.

Old Change, extends from Cheapside toOld Fish street. Here was formerly keptthe King’s exchange for the receipt ofbullion to be coined. Maitland.

Old Comber’s court, Blackman street,Southwark.†

Old Fish street, Knightrider’s street; socalled from a fish market being formerlykept there. Maitland.

Old Fish Street hill, Thames street, obtainedits name also from a market.

Old Ford, in Stepney parish, near Stratfordle Bow.

Old George street, Wentworth street.

Old Gravel lane, Ratcliff highway; so68called from its being anciently a waythrough which carts laden with gravelfrom the neighbouring fields, used to passto the river Thames, where it was employedin ballasting of ships, before ballastwas taken out of the river.

Old Gravel walk, Bunhill fields.

Old Hog yard, Peter lane, St. John’s street,Smithfield.

Old Horselydown lane, Horselydown,Tooley street.

Old Horseshoe wharf, Thames street.

Old Jewry in the Poultry. This streetwas originally called the Jewry, from itsbeing the residence of the Jews in thiscity; but the Jews being banished by EdwardI. they upon their readmission intoEngland, settled in this city near Aldgate,in a place from them called PoorJewry lane, on which occasion this, theirancient place of abode, was called the OldJewry. Maitland.

Old Market lane. Brook’s street, Ratcliff.†

Old Montague street, Spitalfields.†

Old Nicoll’s street, Spitalfields.†

Old North street, Red Lion square.

Old Packthread ground, Grange lane.

Old Palace yard, by St. Margaret’s lane,Westminster, was built by Edward theConfessor, or, as others say, by William69Rufus, and received the name of Old onthe building of New Palace yard. SeeNew Palace yard.

Old Paradise street, Rotherhith.

Old Park yard, Queen street, Southwark.

Old Pav’d alley, Pallmall.

Old Pipe yard, Puddle dock.

Old Pye street, by New Pye street, Westminster.

Old Round court, in the Strand.

Old Shoe alley, Hoxton.

Old Soho street, near Leicester fields.

Old Square, Lincoln’s Inn.

Old Starch yard, Old Gravel lane.

Old street, a street of great length, beginningat Goswell street, and extendingeast towards Shoreditch. It received itsancient name of Eald street, or Old street,from the Saxons, as being situated alongthe Roman Military Way, at a considerabledistance north of London, though it isnow joined to this metropolis. Maitland.

Old Street square, Old street.

Old Swan lane, Thames street.*

Old Swan stairs, Ebbgate lane, Thamesstreet.*

Old Swan yard, Rag street.*

Old Tailor street, King street, Goldensquare.

Oliphant’s lane, Rotherhith.†

70Olive court, 1. Gravel lane. 2. St.Catharine’slane, East Smithfield.

Oliver’s alley, in the Strand.†

Oliver’s court, Bowling alley, Westminster.†

Oliver’s mount, David street, Grosvenorsquare.

One Gun alley, Wapping.*

One Swan yard, 1. Bishopsgate street.*2. Rag street, Hockley in the Hole.*

One Tun alley, Hungerford Market.*

One Tun yard, Whitecross street, Cripplegate.*

Onslow street, Vine street, Hatton wall.†

Oram’s court, Water lane, Tower street.†

Orange court, 1. Castle street, Leicesterfields, 2. King’s street, Soho, 3. Wapping.

Orange street, 1. Castle street, Leicesterfields, 2. Lowman’s street, Gravel lane.3. Red Lion square, Holborn. 4. Swallowstreet. 5. Sun Tavern fields.

The Orchard, 1. Bread street, Ratcliff.2. Butcher row. 3. Limehouse causeway.4. New street, Shadwell. 5. InWapping. 6. Near Wapping.

Orchard street, 1. Near the Stable yard,Westminster, from the royal orchard formerlythere. 2. Windmill street.

Office of Ordnance, in the Tower. Thisoffice is a modern building, a little to thenorth east of the white tower; and to the71officers belonging to it, all other officesfor supplying artillery, arms, ammunition,or other warlike stores to any part of theBritish dominions, are accountable; andfrom this office all orders for the dispositionof warlike materials are issued. It istherefore of very great importance, as ithas under its care the ammunition necessaryfor the defence of the kingdom, andthe protection of our allies.

In ancient times before the invention ofguns, this office was supplied by officersunder the following names; the Bowyer,the Cross Bowyer, the Galeator, or Purveyorof helmets, the Armourer, andthe Keeper of the tents; and in this stateit continued till King Henry VIII. placedit under the management of a Master, aLieutenant, a Surveyor, &c. as it stillcontinues with some improvements.

The office of ordnance is now dividedinto two branches, the civil and the military;the latter being subordinate andunder the authority of the former.

The principal officer in the civilbranch of the office of ordnance is theMaster General, who has a salary of1500l. per annum, and is invested witha peculiar jurisdiction over all his Majesty’sengineers employed in the several fortificationsof this kingdom, to whom they72are all accountable, and from whom theyreceive their particular orders and instructions,according to the directions andcommands given by his Majesty andcouncil.

The Lieutenant General, who receivesall orders and warrants signed by the MasterGeneral, and from the other principalofficers, and sees them duly executed;issues orders, as the occasions of the statemay require; and gives directions for dischargingthe great guns, when requiredat coronations, on birth days, festivals,signal victories, and other solemn occasions.It is also his peculiar office to seethe train of artillery, and all its equipagefitted for motion, when ordered to bedrawn into the field. He has a salary of1100l. per annum; and under him is aclerk in ordinary, who has 150l. a year;an inferior clerk, and a clerk extraordinary,who have each 40l. a year.

The Surveyor inspects the stores andprovisions of war in the custody of theStorekeeper, and sees that they are rangedand placed in such order as is most properfor their preservation. He allows all billsof debt, and keeps a check upon all artificersand labourers work; sees that thestores received be good and serviceable,duly proved, and marked, if they ought73to be so, with the King’s mark, taking tohis assistance the rest of the officers andProof Masters. His salary is 700l. perannum.

As his post necessarily makes some assistancenecessary, he has under him theProof Master of England, who has 150l.a year. Two clerks of the fortifications,who have 60l. a year each, and anotherof 40l. Besides, in this time of war hehas under him six extra clerks, who haveeach 40l. a year; and another who has4s. 6d. a day.

The Clerk of the ordnance records allorders and instructions given for the governmentof the office; all patents andgrants; the names of all officers, clerks,artificers, attendants, gunners, labourers,&c. who enjoy those grants, or any otherfee for the same; draws all estimates forprovisions and supplies to be made, andall letters, instructions, commissions, deputations,and contracts for his Majesty’sservice; makes all bills of imprest, anddebentures, for the payment and satisfactionfor work done, and provisions receivedin the said office; all quarterbooks for the salaries and allowances ofall officers, clerks, &c. belonging to theoffice; and keeps journals and ledgersof the receipts and returns of his Majesty’s74stores, to serve as a check betweenthe two accomptants of the office, the onefor money, and the other for stores. Hissalary is 500l. per annum, and 100l. ayear for being a check on the Storekeeper.

The great business of this officer ismanaged, under him, by six clerks inordinary, one of whom has 180l. a year,another 150l. two 60l. a year, one 50l. andone 4s. a day: and he has at present thirteenclerks extraordinary, who have 40l.a year each. There are besides underhim a ledger keeper to the out ports, anda home ledger keeper, who have 60l. ayear.

The Storekeeper takes into his custodyall his Majesty’s ordnance, munitionsand stores belonging thereto, and indentsand puts them in legal security, afterthey have been surveyed of by the Surveyor:any part of which he must not deliver,without a warrant signed by theproper officers; nor must he receive backany stores formerly issued, till they havebeen reviewed by the Surveyor, and registeredby the Clerk of the ordnance inthe book of remains: and he must takecare that whatever is under his custodybe kept safe, and in such readiness as tobe fit for service upon the most peremptory75command. His salary is 400l. perannum.

The Storekeeper has under his commandthree clerks in ordinary, one ofwhom has 150l. and another 60l. perannum, and also three extra clerks, eachat 40l. a year.

The Clerk of the deliveries draws all ordersfor delivery of any stores, and seesthem duly executed: he also charges byindenture the particular receiver of thestores delivered; and, in order to dischargethe Storekeeper, he registers thecopies of all warrants for the deliveries, aswell as the proportions delivered. Hissalary is 400l. a year.

The above officer has under himtwo clerks in ordinary, one who has150l. and another who has 70l. perannum, and also four clerks extraordinarywho have each 40l. a year.

The Treasurer and Paymaster receivesand pays all monies, both salaries and debenturesin and belonging to this office.His salary is 500l. a year.

The above officer is assisted in hisdouble employment of receiving and payingby three clerks in ordinary, one ofwhom has 150l. another 60l. and another50l. per annum, and by three clerks76extraordinary, each of whom has 40l. ayear.

In this office there are likewise twoProof Masters, who have 20l. a year each;a Clerk of the works, who has 120l. ayear; a Purveyor for the land, who has100l. a year; a Purveyor for the sea, whohas 40l. a year; an Architect, who has120l. a year; an Astronomical Observator,who has 100l. a year, and someother officers.

In the other part of this office termedthe Military Branch of the Ordnance, is aChief Engineer, who has 501l. 17s. 4d.a year; a Director, who has 365l. perannum; eight engineers in ordinary, whohave 10s. a day; eight engineers extraordinaryat 6s. a day; eleven sub-engineers,at 73l. a year each; and sixteen pract. engineers,at 3s. a day.——See an accountof the arms belonging to this office underthe article Tower.

Ormond’s mews, 1. Duke street, Piccadilly.2. Great Ormond street, RedLion street, Holborn.

Ormond street, Red Lion street, Holborn.

A catalogue of the pictures of Charles Jennens,Esq; in Ormond street.

The nativity, after Pietro di Cortona.

The Magi offering, Carlo Maratti.

77A holy family, after Raphael.

A holy family, by Fr. Mazzuoli Parmegiano.

A piece of fruit, &c. by De Heem.

A landscape, by Cl. Lorraine, allowed capital.

A landscape, with St. Jerom and the lion, by Nic. Poussin.

Cattle and fowls, by Bened. Castiglione.

The finding of Moses, by Lucatelli.

A land storm, by Gasp. Poussin.

A bagpiper, by Spagnolet.

A landscape, by Nic. Poussin.

A view of the Rhine, by Sachtleven.

Ruins, by Harvey, with Christ and the woman of Canaan, by J. Vanderbank, sky and trees by Wotton.

A man with a straw hat eating porridge, by Annibal Caracci.

A view of the castle of St. Angelo, by Marco Ricci.

A miracle, by Seb. Concha.

A boy’s or girl’s head, by Guido.

The crucifixion, by Vandyke.

St. John the Baptist baptizing Christ, by Rottenhammer.

Three boys, viz. Christ, John the Baptist, and an angel, of the school of Rubens or Vandyke.

A holy family.

St. Paul and King Agrippa, after Le Sueur.

78A philosopher mending a pen, A. le Pape.

St. Cecilia in a circle of flowers, by Philippo Laura, in the manner of Domenichino, the flowers by Mario di Fiori.

A landscape, by Both.

Butler the poet, by Zoust.

A holy family (small) by Seb. Bourdon.

A storm, by Vandervelde.

A oval of flowers, with the wise men offering, by father Seegers.

A piece of architecture, with the landing of Æsculapius at Rome, by P. Panini.

A madona, &c. by Carlo Maratti.

A landscape, by Moucheron, with figures by Berchem.

The two Maries at the sepulchre, by Pietro di Cortona.

Bishop Ken, by Riley.

David and Saul, by Jordans of Antwerp, or Van Harp.

A sun-set, by Vanderneer.

Abraham and Melchisedech, by Castiglione.

A nativity, after Giuseppe Chiari.

A landscape, by Vandiest.

A carpet, &c. by Malteese.

A landscape, by Claude, first manner.

A landscape, by Rowland Savory, with Cain and Abel.

Two pieces of fish and fowl, by Rysbrack.

79 Nativity, by Albani.

An old man’s head, by Rembrandt.

A landscape, by Retork, in the manner of Elsheimer.

Christ going to be crucified, a sketch, by Annibal Caracci.

Tobias and the angel, by Mich. Angelo de Caravaggio.

Celebration of Twelfth-night, by David Rykart.

Moon-light, by Vandiest.

Figures and cattle, by Van Bloom.

A landscape and a sea view, by Vandiest.

A sleeping boy, by Simon Vouet.

The wise men offering, by Aug. Caracci.

A nativity, by Le Sueur.

A landscape with the flight into Egypt, by Antonio (called Gobbo) Caracci, figures by Domenichino.

A conversation, by Teniers.

A sea piece, by Vandervelde.

The inside of a church, by De Neef.

A landscape with Balaam and the angel.

A landscape and ruins, by Gasp. Poussin.

Shakespear, in crayons, by Vandergucht, from the only original picture, which is in the possession of Lady Carnarvon.

Christ praying in the garden, by Ludovico Caracci, a capital piece.

Abraham and Melchisedech, after Raphael, by Nic. Poussin.

80Dead game, by De Koning, with a man, by Luca Jordano; but some are of opinion the whole piece is by L. Jordano.

Two door pieces, by Tempesta and Crescentio.

A landscape with cattle and figures, by Berchem.

The raising of Lazarus, by Paulo Lozza.

A Magdalen, by Giuseppe Cari.

A small picture of P. Charles and his brother.

King James II. when Duke of York, after Sir Peter Lely.

Robert Devereux, Earl of Essex.

The head of a female saint.

A head, after Titian.

Christ preaching on the mount, by Van Rhyschoot.

David playing on the harp to cure Saul, by Hayman.

A landscape with a view of Hampstead and Highgate, by Lambert.

The resurrection of Christ, by Hayman.

A landscape, by Gainsborough.

Sir John Falstaff, &c. by Hayman.

An angel sleeping, after Guido.

A small head, by Frank Hals.

Two sea pieces, by Vandervelde.

A flower piece, by O. Baptist.

Moses striking the rock, by Le Brun.

81King Charles I. after Vandyke.

King Charles II. and his Queen, by Sir P. Lely.

Duke of Ormond, by Dahl.

A statuary, by Spagnolet.

An old man reading, by Guercino.

A landscape and figures, by Paul Brill.

Ruins and figures, by Viviano and J. Miel.

A landscape and figures, by Fr. Bolognese.

Titian and Aretine, after Titian.

A view of Pliny’s villa, by Lucatelli.

Pr. Rupert, half length, by Greenhill.

A sea piece, by Vandiest.

A flower piece, by O. Baptist.

Gustavus Adolphus, by Mirevelt.

A conversation, by Bamboccio.

Temptation of St. Anthony, by Brower, the landscape, Paul Brill.

A landscape, Gasp. Poussin, the figures by Philippo Laura.

A dead Christ, &c. of the school of Caracci.

A landscape and figures, Fr. Miel.

Gen. Monk, when young, 3 qrs.

A man singing, by Brower.

A landscape, by Claude Lorraine.

A landscape with high rocks, by Salvator Rosa.

82A view of St. Mark’s Place at Venice in carnival time, Canaletti.

A view of the great canal at Venice, by Canaletti.

A landscape, by Rembrandt.

A lutanist, by Fr. Hals.

A moon-light, by Vanderneer.

The Chevalier de St. George in miniature.

A musician’s head, by Rembrandt.

A circle of flowers, by Baptist; with Christ and the woman of Samaria, by Cheron.

A madona, of the school of Carlo Maratti.

A half length of General Monk, copied from Sir Peter Lely.

A landscape, by Tillemans.

A sea piece, a squall, by Vandervelde.

A night storm, by De Vlieger.

The virgin, with the child asleep.

A view of a water mill.

A cobler.

An ascension, by Gius. Chiari.

Two landscapes, by Houseman.

Two pictures of the Chevalier and the Princess Louisa his sister.

King James the 2d’s Queen, by Sir Godfrey Kneller.

The burning of Troy, by Van Hiel.

A view in Holland, by Van Goen.

A landscape, in Van Goen’s manner.

A landscape and figure, by Van Goen.

83The Marquis of Hamilton, after Vandyke.

A small round landscape.

A large landscape, by Lucas Van Uden.

Salvator Mundi, by Vandyke.

A sea piece and landscape, by Vander Cabel.

Lord Clarendon, by Dobson.

A small round landscape, in the manner of Bourgognone.

A sea piece, by De Man.

King James I. half length, by Mytons.

Two landscapes, by Ruysdale.

The conversion of St. Paul, by P. Snayer.

A small head on silver, supposed the Marq. of Montrose, by Ferd. Laithe.

J. Miel, the painter, by himself.

Two small pictures, by Horizonti.

Two ditto, by Lucatelli.

Prince Henry, by P. Oliver.

Ruins of the Temple of Minerva, by Viviano, or Salvius.

A landscape, by Rubens.

A landscape, by Fauquier.

A frost piece, by Ostade.

A landscape, by Gasp. de Wit, figures by Ferg.

Ruins and figures, by Marco and Seb. Ricci.

A sea view, by Vandervelde.

84A landscape, in the manner of Van Uden.

Philippo Laura, by himself.

Two small views, by Cocoranti.

A sea calm, by Woodco*ck.

David and Abigail, by Brughel.

A sea view, by Bonaventure Peters.

A landscape, by Martin Rykaert.

Two small landscapes, by Artois.

The finding of Moses, by Romanelli.

Dead birds, by Ferguson.

Two landscapes, by Ruysdale.

St. John led by his disciples, by Blanchet.

A landscape, by Rembrandt.

A landscape, by Ruysdale, the figures by Wovermans.

A lady’s head, by Cornelius Johnson.

Lord Carnarvon, by Sir P. Lely.

A Dutch watchmaker, by Fr. Hals.

A landscape, by Van Huysum.

A landscape, by J. Asselyn.

A landscape, by Swanevelt.

A landscape, by Francisco Mille.

The marriage of St. Catharine, after Giorgione.

A landscape, by Swanevelt.

A landscape, with Argus and Hermes.

The last supper, by Vandyke or Dieperbeck.

The flight into Egypt, by Polembergh.

L. D’Honat’s Eden.

A calm, by Vandervelde, best manner.

85The good Samaritan.

A landscape, by Tempesta.

St. Peter walking on the sea, by Paul Brill.

Fowls, by Cradock.

A storm (small) by Vandervelde.

Ruins, by Viviano.

The transfiguration, after Raphael.

A landscape and figures, by Bourgognone.

A winter piece, by Molinaer.

St. Jerom, by Teniers.

A landscape, by Rousseau.

Ruins, by Panini.

A sun-rising, by Courtois.

A landscape, by Old Patell.

A church, by De Neef, the priest carrying the host; the figures by Teniers.

St. Sebastian, after Domenichino.

St. Peter delivered out of prison, by De Neef, the figures by O. Teniers.

A head (supposed of an apostle) by Vandyke.

The flight into Egypt, a sketch, by Gius. Passeri.

Part of Titian’s Comari, copied by Dahl.

A head of Christ crowned with thorns, by Guido.

Christ crowned with thorns, with the reed in his hand, of the school of Caracci.

86Lot going out of Sodom, and Abraham with three Angels, two drawings, by Cheron.

St. Jerom in a cave, by Teniers.

The murder of the innocents, a drawing after Raphael.

A drawing after Nic. Poussin, by Cheron, of the passage thro’ the red sea.

A Roman sacrifice, a drawing from the antique, by Cheron.

A land storm, by Peters, or Teniers.

Christ driving the buyers and sellers out of the temple, by Jac. Bassano.

Two conversations in water colours, by Fergue.

A boy and girl, heads.

A landscape and sea piece in water colours, by Tillemans.

Two landscapes in the manner of Brughel, by Old Grissier.

A landscape, by Fergue.

A view of Scheveling, by De Vleiger.

A sea piece, by Vandervelde.

A front piece, by Bonaventure Peters.

Two landscapes, by Polembergh.

A landscape, by Sachtleven.

A landscape, by Van Maas.

A gale and view, by Backhuysen.

Two sea pieces, by Vandervelde.

A landscape, by Hobbima.

A head of Seb. Bourdon, by Netschar.

87Eliezer and Rebecca, by Vander Cabel.

Christ sleeping, of the school of Carlo Maratti.

A view in Rome, by Gaspar D’Ochiale.

A landscape and cattle, by Cuyp.

A brisk gale, by Vandervelde.

A boy’s head, by Dubois.

Christ and the two Disciples at Emmaus, by Teniers.

A head of Richard Penderith.

A landscape, by Molyn.

A sea piece, by Vandervelde.

A landscape, by Vanderheyden.

A landscape, by Van Balen, with a holy family.

A sea piece, by Backhuysen.

A sea piece, by De Vlieger.

Two landscapes, by Both.

Chickens, a study, by Hondicooter.

A sea piece, by Vangoen.

A sea piece, by Ruysdale.

A frost piece, by Adr. Vandevelde.

A landscape, by Wovermans.

An inn yard, copy from Wovermans.

A moon-light, by Vanderneer.

A frost piece, by Molenaer.

A landscape, by Housemans.

Two Dutch views, Flemish.

Judith with Holofernes’s head, by Bronzino.

Jerome Cardan.

88A hermit contemplating eternity, by Salvator Rosa.

St. Jerome, by Guido.

A landscape, with the flight into Egypt, by Domenichino.

A landscape, by Courtois.

Two landscapes, by Godfrey.

Tobias curing his father’s eyes, by Rembrandt.

Morning and Evening, by Berghem.

A landscape, by Old Patelle.

The wise men offering, by Rotenhamer.

A landscape, by Wovermans.

Ruins, by Viviano.

View of the Colisæum, by Paulo Panini.

Dead game, by Baltazar Caro.

Architecture, by Ghisolfi.

A landscape, by Swanevelt.

A landscape with rocks, by Teniers, or P. Snayer.

A landscape, by Van Zwierin.

A landscape with others, by Teniers.

Two landscapes, by Vincaboon.

A landscape, by Fr. Miel.

A view of Willybos, by T. Molinaer.

A landscape, by Both and Bodwyn.

Iphigenia, after Bourdon.

A landscape, by P. Brill, or Vincaboon.

A white fox or racoon, by Hondicooter.

A small gale, by Vandervelde.

A landscape, by Both.

89A landscape, by De Vries.

The fable of the Satyr and clown, by Sorgue.

A landscape, by Ruysdale.

Ditto, by Both.

A philosopher’s head, by Pietro da Pietri.

A battle, by Tillemans.

Ruins, by Ghisolfi.

A landscape, by Fauquier.

Ditto, perhaps Artois.

A sketch of a sea fight, by Vandervelde.

A landscape, with Elijah and the ravens, by R. Savory.

Two pictures of lions and tygers, by J. Vanderbank.

Christ and the Samaritan woman, and Mary Magdalen in the garden, by Columbell.

Head of Annibal Caracci, by himself.

A view of the Rhine, by Vosterman.

The nativity, a sketch, by Rubens.

A sea piece, by Monamy.

Two landscapes, by Vandiest.

An emblematical picture of Justice, by Solimeni.

Virgin and child, and St. Francis with angels, by Seb. Concha.

St. Francis asleep, an angel fiddling, after Philippo Laura.

A storm, by Vandervelde.

A landscape, by Kierings.

90A landscape, by De la Hire.

A copy, from Claude.

A view, with ruins and figures, by Marco and Sebastian Ricci.

A fresh gale, by Vandervelde.

Hagar and Ishmael, by Val. Castelli.

St. Jerome, by Guido.

Riposo, by L. Caracci, or Carlo Cignani.

Two landscapes, by Vorsterman.

Peter in prison, by Stenwick.

Destruction of Sodom, by ditto.

The deluge, by Polemburgh.

Corps de Guard and its companion, by Bamboccio.

A landscape, by Mat. Brill.

A landscape, in imitation of Ruysdale.

A landscape, with a Magdalen, by Teniers.

A landscape, by Ruysdale.

The head of Isaiah, on paper, by Raphael.

A conversation, by Ostade.

A battle, by Bourgognone.

Soldier and boors fighting, Molinaer.

A landscape, Swanevelt.

Belshazzar’s feast, after Rembrandt, by Tillemans.

Still life, Edema.

A hen and chickens, Cradock.

A battle, by Vander Mulen.

The mocking of Christ, by Cheron.

Incendio del Borgo, after Raphael.

91Christ and St. Thomas, Cavedone.

Two portraits of P. Cha. and his mother.

A fruit piece, by Mich. Angelo Campidoglio, o da Pace.

David and Solomon, Rubens.

Two landscapes, Annib. Caracci.

A conversation, Seb. Bourdon.

A conversation, with dancing, Annib. Caracci.

A masquerade, Gobbo Caracci.

Benjamin accused of stealing the cup, by J. De Wit.

Two landscapes, by Mola.

The battle of Amazons, after Jul. Romano.

Two landscapes, Vincaboon.

Mr. Handel’s picture, by Hudson.

Fowls, &c. Y. Wenix.

The passage of the red sea, by De Wit.

A concert of music, by Pasqualini.

Hero and Leander, by Elsheimer.

Two heads of Lodov. and Aug. Caracci.

A sea port, by Storck.

A pieta, Trevisani.

Christ, Simon the Pharisee, and M. Magdalen, by Lappi.

A view of Scheveling, a storm coming on, by Ruysdale.

A battle, by Mich. Angelo delle Battaglie.

St. Sebastian, by Guercino.

Bened. Castiglione, by himself.

92A landscape, with cattle, by Cuyp.

The inside of the Jesuits church at Antwerp, by De Neef.

A landscape with cattle, by Rosa of Tivoli.

Æolus and the four winds, by Carlo Maratti.

Two heads of St. Peter and St. Paul, by Guercino.

Christ asleep, with two angels looking on, by Murillo.

A wounded stag swimming across a brook.

St. Jerome and the Angel with a trumpet, by Guercino.

A view of Sulftara, by Berchem and Both.

A battle of the bridge, by Bourgognone.

A landscape, with a Magdalen in it, by Albani, or Bartolom. Breenberg in imitation of him.

A sketch of martyrdom, by Vandyke.

A horse watering, by Wovermans.

A landscape, by Adr. Vandervelde.

A copy of Raphael’s Heliodorus.

A sketch, by Rubens, of binding of Samson.

A sea port, by J. Miel.

A landscape, by Paul Brill.

A landscape, by Tillemans, or Houseman.

A sea piece, by Dubbels.

A chalk kiln, by Ruysdale.

A landscape, by Hobbima.

A moon-light, by Vanderneer.

93A landscape, by Wynantz.

Hector and Achilles, by Nic. Poussin, or Pietro Testa.

Two landscapes, by Claude Lorraine.

St. Peter dictating the gospel to St. Mark, by Pietro di Cortona.

A landscape, by Verboom, the figures, &c. by Adr. Vandervelde.

Decollation of St. John the Baptist, by Mich. Angelo da Carravagio, or Valentini.

A man’s head, by Ant. Moore.

A view of the Doge’s palace, after Canaletti.

A landscape, by F. Miel.

A calm, by Vandiest.

A battle, by Tillemans.

A Court de Guard, by Le Duc.

The holy child Jesus in the arms of Joseph, by Giuseppe del Solo, a disciple of Carlo Cignani.

A landscape, by Solomon Ruysdale.

An ascension, the finished sketch for the King’s chapel at Versailles, by Jouvenet.

A holy family, by Erasm. Quiline.

A landscape, by Croose.

A bag piper, by Albert Durer.

Two sketches, after Tintoret, one the trial of Christ, the other leading him away.

A sea piece, by Van Cappel.

A landscape, by Sol. Ruysdale.

Dead game, with a dog and cat, by Fyte.

94Two landscapes, by Mola.

A landscape, by Pynas.

A landscape and architecture, by Le Maire, with figures, by Phil. Laura.

A landscape, by Fauquier.

A village carnival, by P. Wovermans.

A holy family, by Carlo Maratti.

Two landscapes, by Bellin.

Christ healing the sick, a sketch, by Tintoret.

Fowls, by Cradock.

A landscape, by Nic. Poussin.

Riposo, F. Vanni.

A cartoon head, by Raphael.

Christ disputing with the doctors, a sketch, by Titian.

A holy family, by Schidoni.

A battle, by Salvator Rosa.

Two views of the cl*tumnus and Avernus, by Wilson.

A storm, by Annib. Caracci.

A landscape, with the baptism of Christ, by Nic. Poussin.

Samson slaying the Philistines with the jaw bone of an ass, Val. Castelli.

Fred. Zuccaro’s picture, by himself.

Hercules and Antæus, by Rubens.

Hagar and Ishmael, by Le Sueur.

A woman making lace, by Scalken.

The fall of Simon Magus, a sketch, by Pompeio.

95A shepherd and shepherdess with cattle, by C. du Jardin.

A landscape, by Dekker.

A girl sewing, by Ostade.

An ox, by Potter, the landscape by Vanderhyde.

The flight into Egypt, by Dominic. Antolini.

Hercules and Cerberus, a sketch, by Rubens.

A landscape and cattle, by Carree.

A landscape, by Brughel, the figures Rotenhamer.

Moses on the mount, by Jac. Bassan.

A landscape, by Dekker.

A copy of Guido’s Aurora, by Carlo Maratti, or Gius. Cari.

A landscape, by Mr. Wotton.

Lot and his daughters, by Elsheimer.

Christ in the garden, by P. Veronese.

A moon-light, by O. Giffier.

A landscape, by Berkheyde.

A landscape, by De Heusch.

A landscape, by Wynantz, the figures by Wovermans.

Christ’s agony in the garden, by Ant. Balestra.

John Baptist pointing him out to two disciples, ditto.

A landscape, by Vanderneer.

A landscape, by Fauquier, with figures, by Teniers.

96A witch and devils, by Hellish Brughel.

A battle, by Wotton.

An old man’s head, by Rembrandt.

A landscape, by Borsam.

Venus coming to Vulcan to beg armour for Æneas, by Goltzius.

A landscape, by Gaspar Poussin.

A landscape, by Nicola Poussin.

Two heads, of an old man and an old woman, by Denier.

King Ahasuerus and Q. Esther, by Gabiani.

The sick man healed at the pool of Bethesda, by Erasmus Quillinius.

The last supper, by Jouvenet.

Head of a madona, with a book, by Elisabetti Sirani.

A landscape, by Studio.

A girl’s head, marble, after the antique, by Scheemaker.

A model of St. John Baptist in the wilderness, by Bernini, in terra cotta.

The judgment of Midas, an ivory Bas Rel.

Orpheus playing to the beasts, Bas Rel. Bronze.

Erato, Bronze, antique.

The statue of Fides Christiana, by Roubiliac, marble.

97A model of St. Andrew, by Fiamingo, terra cotta.

A madona and child, in imitation of Rubens’s manner of painting, terra cotta.

Ceres, after that in the Capitol, by Scheemaker, terra cotta.

St. Jerome, by Mich. Angelo, terra cotta.

A Bacchanalian boy, after Camillo Ruscoin, by Hayward.

A bust of Aratus, after the antique, by ditto, marble.

A model of Mr. Roubiliac’s statue of Fides Christiana, in terra cotta.

A model of Moses, by Mich. Angelo, terra cotta.

A model of Flora, by Roubiliac. ter. cotta.

A vestal, after the antique, by Hayward, marble.

A small antique bust of Æsclepiades, the Greek physician, marble.

Ormond yard, Great Ormond street.

Court of Orphans. This court is occasionallyheld at Guildhall, by the Lord Mayorand Aldermen, who are guardians tothe children of freemen under the ageof twenty-one years at the decease oftheir fathers, and take upon them notonly the management of their goods andchattels, but likewise that of their persons,by placing them under the care oftutors, to prevent disposing of themselves98during their minority, without their approbation.

By this court the common serjeant isauthorised to take exact accounts and inventoriesof all the deceased freemen’sestates; and the youngest attorney of theLord Mayor’s court being clerk to that ofthe orphans, is appointed to take securitiesfor their several portions, in the nameof the Chamberlain of London, who is acorporation of himself, for the service ofthe said orphans; and to whom a recognizanceor bond, made upon the accountof an orphan, shall by the customof London, descend to his successor.

It may not be improper to add, thatwhen a freeman dies and leaves childrenin their minority, the clerks of the severalparishes are according to a law of the city,to give in their names to the commoncrier, who is immediately to summon thewidow, or executor, to appear before thecourt of Lord Mayor and Aldermen, tobring an inventory of, and security for thetestator’s estate; for which two monthstime is commonly allowed: and, in caseof non-appearance, or refusal of security,the Lord Mayor may commit the contumaciousexecutor to Newgate. Lex Lond.

Overman’s court, Pepper alley.†

Owen’s Almshouse, near the south end of99Islington, was erected by the companyof Brewers, in the year 1610, for tenpoor widows of the parish of St. Mary’sIslington, pursuant to the will of theLady Alice Owen, who allowed eachwidow 3l. 16s. per annum, three yards ofcloth for a gown every other year, and 6l.to be laid out annually in coals for the useof the whole.

Oxendon street, Coventry street.

Oxford Arms Inn lane, Warwick lane, nearNewgate market.*

Oxford Arms passage, Warwick lane.*

Oxford Arms yard, in the Haymarket.*

Oxford court, 1. Camomile street. 2. Salter’sHall court, Swithin’s lane. Herewas anciently the house of the Prior ofTorrington in Suffolk, which afterwardsfell to the Earls of Oxford; but thatedifice being at length demolished, andthis court built in its room, it retained thename of the former possessor. 3. Oxfordstreet.

Oxford market, Oxford street, so calledfrom its being on the estate of the lateEarl of Oxford.

Oxford street, St. Giles’s pound. Thisstreet, the market, and court of the samename, are all on the estate of the lateEarl of Oxford.

Packer’s court, Coleman street.

Packington’s Almshouse, in WhiteFriars, Fleet street, commonly calledClothworkers almshouses, was foundedby the Lady Anne Packington, relict ofSir John Packington, Chirographer ofthe court of Common Pleas, about theyear 1560, for the accommodation of eightpoor women, each of whom receives annuallyof the Clothworkers company,who have the trust of this charity, thesum of 4l. nine bushels of coals, and newapparel every third year. Maitland.

Packson’s rents, Jamaica street.

Packthread ground, 1. Bandy Leg walk.2. End of Barnaby street. 3. Colemanstreet. 4. Gravel lane. 5. Near Maiden lane.

Paddington, a village in Middlesex, situatedon the north side of Hyde Park.

Page (Sir Gregory) for an account of hishouse and pictures. See Blackheath.

Pageant’s stairs, Rotherhith.

Page’s walk, King’s Road.†

Page’s yard, Brewhouse lane, Wapping.†

Pain’s alley, Wapping Wall.†

Pain’s yard, Swan alley, East Smithfield.†

Pain’s hill, near Cobham, in Surry, is the101seat of the Honourable Charles Hamilton,who has made great improvements,by inclosing a large tract of barren land,which though so poor as to produce nothingbut heath and broom, he has so wellcultivated and adorned, that few placesare equal to it. The whole place is aboutfive miles round; it is laid out in themodern taste, and planted with a beautifulvariety of trees, plants, and flowers.The fine inequalities of the ground givea perpetual variety to the prospects, especiallyon that side next the river Mole,which river, though it lies lower thanthe level of the gardens by twenty feet, isbrought into them by means of a wheelcuriously contrived, which is turned bythe river. Every time it turns round ittakes up the water and conveys it througha spiral pipe from the circumference ofthe wheel to the center of it, from whenceit is discharged into a trough, and fromthence through pipes into the gardens,where by the joint assistance of nature andart, it is formed into a fine winding lakeor piece of water, with an island in it,planted and laid out in walks, with bridgesover to it of the most simple contrivance,and the whole surrounded with risinggrounds, clumps of trees, and hangingwoods, in as romantic and picturesque a102manner as imagination can conceive.These gardens are but lately laid out, andconsequently some of the plantations willappear to more advantage as they advancein growth. But the place upon the wholeis very beautiful, and extremely well worthseeing.

Painter’s court, Berry street.

Painter’s rents, Ratcliff highway.

Painter Stainers, a company incorporatedby letters patent granted by QueenElizabeth in the year 1582; by thename of The Master, Wardens and Commonaltyof the freemen of the art andmystery of painting, called Painter Stainers,within the city of London.

This fraternity is governed by a Master,two Wardens, and nine Assistants, towhich belongs a livery of 124 members,who upon their admission pay a fine of14l.

Painter Stainers Hall, in Little Trinitylane, is adorned with a handsome screen,arches, and pilasters of the Corinthian order,painted in imitation of porphyry,with gilt capitals. The pannels are ofwainscot, and on the ceiling is finelypainted by Fuller, Pallas triumphant,while Art and Fame, attended by Mercury,suppress their enemies, Sloth, Envy,Pride, &c. the other paintings are Endymion103and Luna, by Palmatier; Orpheusslaying Pan, by Brull; Art and Envy, byHungis; the portraits of King Charles II.and his Queen Catharine, by Houseman;a portrait of Camden; the fire of London;a piece of architecture of the Corinthianorder, by Trevit; another of theIonic order, given by Mr. Thompson, thecity painter; Heracl*tus and Democritus,by Penn; a landscape, by Aggas; fishand fowl, by Robinson; a piece of birds,by Barlow; a piece of fruit and flowers,by Everbrook; a ruin, by Griffier; anda fine piece of shipping, by Peter Monumea.There are several other pieces inthe parlour.

In the court room are some fine pictures,most of which are portraits of themembers of the company; and in thefront of the room is a fine bust of Mr.Thomas Evans, who left five houses inBasinghall street to the company.

Mr. Camden, the famous antiquarian,whose father was a painter in the OldBailey, gave the Painter Stainers companya silver cup and cover, which theyuse every St. Luke’s day at their election;the old Master drinking to the one thenelected, out of it. Upon this cup is thefollowing inscription:

104Gul. Camdenus Clarenceux filiusSampsonis pictoris Londinensisdono dedit. Maitland.

Pallmall, a very handsome street, inhabitedby several persons of the first quality,extending from the end of the Haymarketto St. James’s palace.

Pallmall court, Pallmall.

Palmer’s Almshouse, at Tothill-side, Westminster,was founded by James Palmer,B. D. in the year 1654, for the receptionof twelve poor men and women, to eachof whom he gave a perpetual annuity of6l. and a chaldron of coals.

To this building also belongs a school,in which twenty boys are taught reading,writing, and arithmetic; for which themaster has an annual salary of 12l. and achaldron of coals, with a convenient house,and a gown every other year.

Here also is a chapel for the use of thepensioners and scholars, in which thefounder himself for some time preachedand prayed twice a day to them. Maitland.

Palsgrave’s Head court, in the Strand.*

Palyn’s Almshouse, in Pesthouse row,near Old street, was founded by GeorgePalyn, citizen and girdler, for six poormembers of his company; he also endowedit with an estate of 40l. a year, and105committed it to the trust of that company.Maitland.

Pancras, a small hamlet in Middlesex, onthe north west side of London, in the roadto Kentish town. It has a church dedicatedto St. Pancras, and called St. Pancrasin the Fields, an old plain Gothicstructure, with a square tower without aspire. It is a vulgar tradition that thischurch is of greater antiquity than that ofSt. Paul’s cathedral, of which it is only aprebend; but this arises from a mistake;for the church of St. Pancras, termed themother of St. Paul’s, was situated in thecity of Canterbury, and was changedfrom a Pagan temple to a Christian churchby St. Austin the monk, in the year 598,when he dedicated it to St. Pancras.

The church yard, is a general buryingplace for persons of the Romish religion.At a public house on the south side of thechurch is a medicinal spring.

St. Pancras, a church which stood on thenorth side of St. Pancras lane, nearQueen street, in Cheap ward, owed itsname, as did the church mentioned inthe above article, to St. Pancras a youngPhrygian nobleman, who suffered martyrdomunder the Emperor Dioclesian, forhis strict adherence to the Christian religion.This church, which was a rectory,106and one of the peculiars in this citybelonging to the Archbishop of Canterbury,was destroyed by the fire of London,and not being rebuilt, the parishwas, by act of parliament, annexed to thechurch of St. Mary le Bow in Cheapside.

Pancras lane, Queen street, Bucklersbury.

Pankethman’s buildings, Golden lane.

Pannier alley, near Cheapside, leads fromBlowbladder street into Pater noster row,and is said to be the highest ground withinthe city walls. About the middle of thealley, a stone is fixed in the wall in theform of a pedestal, on the side of whichis cut in relief a boy riding astride upon apannier, and this inscription.

Panton square, 1. Coventry street. 2.Oxendon street.

Panton street, Haymarket.

Panton’s rents, Chiswell street.†

Paper buildings, a range of buildings in theTemple, originally built in the year 1607;but being consumed by fire, were rebuilt;in a very handsome manner in 1685. Atthe north end are painted the figures ofthe four cardinal virtues.

Paper office, Whitehall. An ancientoffice under the Secretaries of state, thekeeper of which has under his charge all107the public papers, writings, matters ofstate and council; all letters, intelligences,negotiations of the King’s public ministersabroad, and in general all the papers anddispatches that pass through the offices ofthe two Secretaries of state, which are, orought to be, from time to time transmittedto this office, and remain here, disposedby way of library. Chamberlain’s PresentState.

Papey, an hospital which stood at the northend of St. Mary Ax, and was foundedby three priests in the year 1430, for aMaster, two Wardens, and several Chaplains,Chauntry Priests, &c. It belongedto the brotherhood of St. John the Evangelistand St. Charity. Such priests aswere become lame, or in great poverty,were here relieved, and had chamberswith a certain allowance of bread, drink,and coals; and one old man, with hiswife, was to see them constantly served,and to keep the house clean. This hospitalwas suppressed in the reign of Edward VI.

Paradise court, 1. Lady Clark’s yard,Gravel lane. 2. Peter street.

Paradise row, 1. Brook’s street, Bondstreet. 2. Near St. George’s fields. 3.Lambeth. 4. Tottenham Court Road.

Pardon church, a chapel formerly situated tothe east of the Bishop of London’s palace,108in St. Paul’s church yard, in a place atthat time known by the name of PardonChurch Haugh. This chapel was erectedby Gilbert Becket, sheriff of London, inthe reign of King Stephen, and rebuilt inthe reign of Henry V. by ThomasMore, Dean of St. Paul’s, who also encompassedit with a cloister. On the eastside was a handsome library founded byWalter Shiryngton, Chancellor of theduchy of Lancaster. In this chapel wereinterred several persons, whose monuments,according to Mr. Stow, excelled incurious workmanship those in the neighbouringcathedral, and on the walls werepainted the Dance of Death, in imitationof a painting in the cloister of St. Innocent’schurch at Paris, with English versestranslated out of French by John Lydgate,a famous old poet, by way of explanation.

Parish Clerks. See Clerks.

Parish Garden lane, Upper Ground,Southwark.

Parish Garden stairs, Upper Ground.

Parish street, Horselydown.

Park, in Southwark; several streets builtupon the spot where the Bishop of Winchesterhad formerly a park, which joinedto his palace.

Park Gate, Redcross street, Southwark.

Park Place, St. James’s street, St. James’s.

109Park Prospect, Knightsbridge.

Park Prospect court, Manchester street.

Park street, 1. Little Grosvenor street. 2.Tothill street, Westminster.☐

Parker’s alley. 1. Near Cherry Gardenstairs.† 2. Turnmill street.†

Parker’s court, Coleman street.†

Parker’s gardens, Heydon yard, in theMinories.†

Parker’s lane, Drury lane.†

Parker’s rents, Whitecross street, Cripplegate.†

Parker’s Lane School, situated in Parker’slane, Drury lane, was founded about theyear 1663, by Mr. William Skelton ofSt. Giles’s in the Fields, for the educationof fifty poor boys, thirty-five of whomto be of the parish of St. Giles in theFields, ten of that of St. Martin in theFields, and five of St. Paul’s Covent Garden.The Master has a salary of 20l.two chaldrons of coals, and a gown everyyear, for teaching the children reading,writing, and arithmetic, each of whomhas a coat of 6s. price every year; andthe surplus arising from the estate is employedin putting them out apprentices.Maitland.

Parliament. This great council, whichis the highest and most ancient court of thekingdom, was indifferently denominated110by the Saxons, Michel Gemote, and WitenGemote, that is, the great court and councilof wise men. co*ke’s Institutes.

The first mention we find of this court,is on its being held in this city by Egbertand Withlaf, Kings of Wessex, andMercia, in the year 833, for deliberatingon ways and means to oppose the piraticalinvasions, and destructive depredations ofthe Danes. Spelman’s Concilia.

This great council, which was heldtwice a year before the conquest, consistsof the King, the Lords spiritual and temporal,and the Commons: the Lordsspiritual, consisting of the two Archbishops,and twenty-four Bishops, sit byvirtue of their respective baronies, whichthey hold in a political capacity: theLords temporal, who are created by theKing’s patent, and therefore cannot bereduced to any certain number, sit by descent,or creation: and the Commons,who amount to 558, consist of Knights,Citizens, and Burgesses, the representativesof the commonalty of Great Britain; who,by virtue of the King’s writs, are electedby the several counties, cities, and boroughs.

The power of parliament is so greatand extensive, that it makes, amends, reduces,revives, and abrogates laws, statutes,111and ordinances, concerning mattersecclesiastical, civil, and military. None canbegin, continue, or dissolve this council,but by the King’s authority.

All the members of parliament sat togethertill the fiftieth of Edward III. inthe year 1377, when the Commonsremoved to the Chapter-house of Westminster,in the cloister of the Abbey.

For the distinct privileges, and themanner of proceeding in the houses ofLords and Commons, see the articlesLords, and Commons.

Parliament alley, Artillery lane.

Parliament stairs, Old Palace yard.☐

Parliament stairs alley, Old Palace yard.

Parliament street, a very handsome andspacious new built street, adorned withvery handsome buildings. It extendsfrom New Palace yard to the co*ckpit.

Parmer’s yard, Stony lane.†

Parrey’s rents, Portpool lane, Leatherlane.†

Parrot alley, 1. East Smithfield.* 2.Whitecross street, Old street.*

Parrot’s rents, Chequer alley, Whitecrossstreet, Old street.†

Parrot yard, Parrot alley, East Smithfield.*

Parson’s court, 1. Bride lane, Fleet street.†2. White street.†

112Parson’s rents, Cow lane, Smithfield.†

Parson’s yard, 1. Fore street, Lambeth.†2. Shoreditch.

Passage, Lambeth.

Patent Office, Palsgrave Head court, nearTemple Bar.

Pater noster alley, Pater noster row.

Pater noster row, extends from Cheapsideto Amen corner. This street wasanciently so called on account of thenumber of stationers, or writers who livedthere before the invention of the nobleart of printing; who wrote and sold thelittle books most in use in those times ofignorance, as alphabets with the Paternoster, the Ave Maria, the Creed andGraces. In the same place also dwelt theturners of beads for rosaries, who werealso called Pater noster makers. At theend of Pater noster row near Amen corneris Ave Mary lane, which was also socalled from the writers and beadmakers,who resided there. Pater noster row isstill inhabited by many eminent wholesalebooksellers and publishers. Maitland. 2.Dorset street, Spitalfields.

Patience street, Anchor street.

Patrick’s court, Houndsditch.†

Pattenmakers, a company incorporatedby letters patent granted by KingCharles II. in the year 1670; consisting113of a Master, two Wardens, twenty-fourAssistants, and forty-six Liverymen,who at their admission pay a fine of 6l.but have no hall.

Patten Ring alley, Maze Pond, nearSnow fields.

Pav’d alley, 1. Charles’s street, St. James’s.2. Lime street, by Leadenhall street. 3.London House yard. 4. Water lane, BlackFriars. 5. White Friars.

Pav’d court, 1. Bell Inn yard. 2. FiveFeet lane. 3. Fleetwood’s rents. 4. Georgeyard. 5. Green Bank.

Pav’d entry, London Wall.

Pavement row, Moorfields.

Paviours, a fellowship by prescription, andnot by charter.

This company is governed by threeWardens and twenty-five Assistants; butthough they have a coat of arms, they haveneither hall nor livery.

Paviours alley, Drury lane.

Paviours court, Grub street, by Fore street,Moorgate.

Paulin’s street, Hanover street.†

Paulin’s wharf, Durham yard, in theStrand.

Paul’s alley, 1. Fenchurch street. 2. StPaul’s Church yard. 3. Redcross street.4. Wood street, Cheapside.

114St. Paul’s Cathedral, the most magnificentProtestant church in the world. Thisedifice has been generally supposed to havebeen founded in the place where ancientlystood a temple dedicated by the Romansto the goddess Diana; an opinion derivedfrom the tradition, of the heads of oxen,the horns of deer, and the tusks of boarshaving been commonly dug up there;but as Sir Christopher Wren in clearingthe foundations of this ancient structure,found none of these, he justly discreditedthe opinion, and his son, in his Parentalia,has given a different account of the originof the ancient edifice.

This gentleman observes, that the firstcathedral of the episcopal see of Londonwas built in the area, where had beenthe Roman Prætorian camp, and in thesituation on which all the succeedingfabrics stood: but that this structure wasdemolished during the great and generalpersecution under the Emperor Dioclesian.This persecution was however short, thechurch is supposed to have been re-edifiedunder Constantine; but it was afterwardsdestroyed by the Pagan Saxons, and restoredagain upon the old foundations,when they embraced Christianity in theseventh century, when Sebert, King of115Essex, advanced Mellitus to the bishopricof London.

In 675, we find Erkenwald the fourthBishop of London from Mellitus, expendinggreat sums of money in repairingand beautifying the ancient edifice, augmentingits revenues, and procuringfor it the most considerable privilegesfrom the Pope and the Saxon princesthen reigning: for these works the Bishopwas canonized at his death, and his bodyplaced in a glorious shrine above the highaltar in the east part of the church, wherethis shrine remained the admiration ofsucceeding ages, till the fatal destructionof the whole fabric by fire.

This catastrophe happened in the year961; and as it was rebuilt the same year,it is highly probable, that these earlystructures, how magnificent soever theymight then be thought, were only smallwooden buildings.

During the Saxon heptarchy, thischurch flourished extremely; KenradKing of Mercia declared it as free in allits rights, as he himself desired to be atthe day of judgment; Athelstan endowedit with fifteen lordships; Edgar, withtwo; and Egleflede his wife with twomore; all which were confirmed by thecharters of Ethelred and Canute, which116solemnly imprecate curses on all who dareto violate it.

The next benefactor to this churchwas Edward the Confessor; but at theNorman invasion, which soon followed,some of its revenues were seized by theConqueror; but he was no sooner seatedon the throne, than he caused full restitutionto be made; and even confirmedall its rights, privileges and immunities,in the amplest manner; with benedictionsupon those who should augment its possessions,and solemn imprecations uponall who should violate any of the chartersmade in its favour.

In that reign, however, a dreadful fireconsumed it a second time, and by thisconflagration, which happened in 1086,the greatest part of this city was also laidin ashes: but this destruction served tomake way for a more magnificent building,than had ever yet been applied to thepurposes of devotion in this kingdom.Maurice, then Bishop of London, havingundertaken this great work, obtained ofthe King the old stones of a spaciouscastle in the neighbourhood called thePalatine Tower, situated near the riverFleet; but though he lived twenty years,and prosecuted the work with uncommonearnestness, yet he left the completion117of what he had begun to succeedinggenerations.

The successor of this Bishop followedhis example, and even applied the wholerevenue of his see towards the advancementof this great work; but like theformer left it unfinished; after which itis supposed to have been compleated bylay persons; but at what time, or in whatmanner, is no where mentioned. IndeedWilliam Rufus, who succeeded the Conqueror,is said to have exempted all shipsentering the river Fleet with stone orother materials for the new cathedral,from toll and custom; and it is not improbablethat he might take this structureunder his own particular direction.

But notwithstanding the length of time,and the great expence bestowed upon thischurch, it had not long been compleated,when it was thought not sufficiently magnificent;the steeple was therefore rebuiltand finished about the year 1221; and thenRoger Niger being promoted to the see ofLondon in 1229, proceeding with thechoir compleated it in 1240, and solemnlyconsecrated it afresh the same year, inthe presence of the King, the Pope’s Legate,and many Lords both spiritual andtemporal.

The spacious and magnificent edifice118of St. Paul’s cathedral, being thus finished,a survey was taken of it, by whichits dimensions appear to have been asfollows. The length of the body of thechurch was 690 feet; the breadth130; the height of the roof of the westpart within 102 feet; that of the east88; and that of the body 150; theheight of the tower from the ground was260 feet; from whence rose a woodenspire covered with lead 274 feet in length;on the top of which was a ball nine feetone inch in circumference. This wascrowned with a cross that was fifteenfeet in length, and the traverse six feet.

The ornaments of this cathedral exceededthose of every other church in thekingdom. The high altar stood betweentwo columns, adorned with preciousstones, and surrounded with images mostbeautifully wrought, and covered with acanopy of wood curiously painted withthe representation of Saints and Angels.

The new shrine of St. Erkenwaldstood on the east side of the wall above thehigh altar, and was adorned with gold,silver, and precious stones; but not beingthought sufficiently rich, in 1339 threegoldsmiths of London were retained bythe Dean and Chapter to work upon it awhole year, at the end of which its119lustre was so great, that Princes, Nobles,Ambassadors, and other foreigners of rankflocked from all parts to visit it, and tooffer their oblations before it: amongthese we find all the rings and jewels ofWalter de Thorp, and the best saphirestone of Richard de Preston; which lastwas applied to the curing of infirmitiesof the eyes, and proclamation of its virtueswas made by the express will of thedonor.

The picture of St. Paul finely painted,was placed in a wooden tabernacle on theright side of the high altar, and wasesteemed a masterly performance.

Against a pillar in the body of thechurch, stood a beautiful image of theVirgin Mary; and that a lamp might becontinually kept burning before it, andan anthem sung every day, John Burnet,Bishop of Bath and Wells, bequeathed ahandsome estate.

In the center stood a large cross, andtowards the north door a crucifix at whichofferings were made, that greatly increasedthe revenue of the Dean and Canons.

The last piece of ornament we shallmention, was the fine dial belonging tothe great clock, which being visible to allwho passed by, care was taken that itshould appear with the utmost splendor,120and in particular an angel pointed to thehour.

Under this cathedral was a parishchurch called St. Faith’s, in which severalpersons of distinction were formerly interred:but no records remain that mentionthe time when divine worship was performedin it.

St. Paul’s cathedral was encompassedwith a wall about the year 1109, whichextended from the north east corner ofAve Mary lane, eastward along Paternoster row, to the north end of the OldChange in Cheapside; whence it ransouthward to Carter lane, and passing onthe north side of it to Creed lane, turnedup to Ludgate street. To this wall therewere six gates, the principal of which wassituated near the end of Creed lane inLudgate street. The second was at St.Paul’s alley in Pater noster row, the thirdat Canon alley; the fourth, called theLittle gate, was situated at the entranceinto Cheapside; the fifth, called St. Austin’s,led to Watling street; and the sixthfronted the south gate of the church nearSt. Paul’s chain.

Within the north side of this enclosurewas situated in the middle of the churchyard, a pulpit cross, at which sermonswere preached weekly; and here was121held the folkmote, or general conventionof the citizens.

Facing this cross stood the charnel, inwhich the bones of the dead were decentlypiled up together, a thousand loadswhereof were removed to Finsbury fieldsin the reign of Edward VI. and there laidin a moorish place, with so much earthto cover them, as raised a considerablemount, on which was erected three windmillsto stand upon.

On the north west corner of the churchyard, was the episcopal palace, contiguousto which on the east was a cemetery denominatedPardon Church Haw, whereGilbert Becket erected a chapel in thereign of King Stephen. See PardonChurch.

On the east of the church yard was aclochier or bell tower by St. Paul’s school;wherein were four great bells, calledJesus bells, from their belonging to Jesuschapel in St. Faith’s church; but these,together with a fine image of St. Paul onthe top of the spire, being won by SirMiles Partridge, Knt. of Henry VIII. atone cast of the dice, were by that gentlemantaken down and sold.

It may not be improper here to takenotice of the celebration of divine service,the obsequies, anniversaries and chauntries122particularly belonging to this cathedral:as to the first, Richard Clifford, Bishopof London, in 1414, with the consentof the Dean and Chapter, ordained thatfrom thence forward it should be alteredfrom the old form, and made conformableto the church of Salisbury, andother cathedrals within this kingdom.

The performance of obsequies for greatpersons deceased, was however retainedas a peculiar privilege of this cathedral,from whence great profits arose. Indeed“the state and order observed on theseoccasions,” says Sir William Dugdale,“was little inferior to that used at thefunerals of those great personages; thechurch and choir being hung with black,and escutcheons of their arms; theirherses set up in wonderful magnificence,adorned with rich banner rolls, &c. andenvironed with barriers; having chiefmourners and assistants, accompanied byseveral Bishops and Abbots in their properhabits; the Ambassadors of foreignPrinces, many of our Nobility, theKnights of the Garter, the Lord Mayor,and the several Companies of London,who all attended with great devotion atthese ceremonies.” This author addsa list of Emperors, Empresses, and Kingsperformed in this cathedral.

123As to anniversaries, those of the conversionand commemoration of St. Paul,the consecration of the church, and thecanonization of St. Erkenwald, were theprincipal. It is very remarkable, withrespect to the first of these anniversaries,that Sir William le Baud, Knt. in thethird year of Edward I. granted a goodfat doe annually on the day of the conversionof St. Paul, and a good fat buckupon the day of commemoration, whichtill the reign of Queen Elizabeth were receivedwith great formality at the stepsof the choir, by the Canons cloathed intheir sacred vestments, with garlands offlowers on their heads. Camden, whowas an eye witness of this solemnity, says,that the horns of the buck were carried ona spear in procession round the inside ofthe church, the men blowing horns, &c.and then the buck being offered at the highaltar, a shilling was ordered by the Deanand Chapter for the entertainment of theservants who brought it, and this concludedthe ceremony.

The anniversaries of the consecrationand canonization, were celebrated at thepublic expence: but there were otheranniversaries of a private nature, providedfor by particular endowments, as that ofSir John Poultney, Knt. who had been124four times Lord Mayor of London, andassigned annual salaries to all who boreoffice about the church, together withan allowance of 6s. 8d. to the LordMayor, 5s. to the Recorder; 6s. 8d. tothe two Sheriffs; 3s. 4d. to the CommonCrier; 6s. 8d. to the Lord Mayor’s serjeants,and 6s. 8d. to the Master of thecollege of St. Laurence Poultney, providedthey were present at his anniversary;but if any were absent, their sharewere to be distributed to the poor. Therewere many other anniversaries of the samekind.

The chauntries founded by men ofcondition for the maintenance of one ortwo priests, to celebrate divine servicedaily, for the release from purgatory oftheir souls, the souls of their dearest friendsand relations, and of all the faithfuldeceased; but these were in a short timeincreased to such a degree, and the endowmentswere so slender, that so earlyas the reign of Richard II. Bishop Baybrokecaused forty-four of them to beunited into one solemn service.

Having thus taken a transient survey ofthis magnificent edifice, in its flourishingstate, with all its appendages, we shall nowview its decline, and trace this venerableGothic structure to its final destruction.

125The first remarkable misfortune thatbefel it was in 1444, when about twoo’clock in the afternoon, its lofty woodenspire was fired by lightning; but by theassiduity of the citizens, it was soonseemingly extinguished: however to theirgreat surprise and terror it broke out againwith redoubled fury at about nineo’clock at night; but by the indefatigablepains of the Lord Mayor and citizens, itwas at last effectually extinguished. Thedamage was not however fully repairedtill the year 1462, when the spire wascompleated, and a beautiful fane of giltcopper in the form of an eagle wasplaced upon it.

About an hundred years after this accident,another of the same kind happenedto it, generally attributed to the samecause, but much more fatal in its consequences;the fire consuming not onlythe fine spire, but the upper roof of thechurch, and that of the aisles for in thespace of four hours it burnt all the rafters,and every thing else that was combustible:but though it was universally believed thatthis fire was occasioned by lightning, yet,Dr. Heylin says, that an ancient plumberconfessed at his death, that it was occasionedthrough his negligence in carelesslyleaving a pan of coals in the steeple, while126he went to dinner, which taking holdof the dry timber in the spire, was got tosuch a height at his return, that he judgedit impossible to quench it, and thereforeconcluded it would be more consistentwith his safety, not to contradict thecommon report.

This calamity was followed by a generalcontribution among the clergy, nobility,great officers of state, the city ofLondon, and the Queen herself, whogave a thousand marks in gold towards itsspeedy repair, with a warrant for a thousandloads of timber to be cut in any ofher woods, wherever it should be foundmost convenient; so that in five yearstime, the timber roofs were entirelyfinished, and covered with lead, the twolargest being framed in Yorkshire, andbrought by sea; but some difference inopinion arising about the model of thesteeple, that part of the work was leftunattempted; and it was never after rebuilt;for upon raising the roofs thewalls were found to be so much damagedby the fire, that it was judged necessaryto make a general repair of the wholebuilding; but this was deferred for a longtime.

At length Mr. Henry Farley, afterabove eight years earnest solicitation of127King James I. prevailed on his Majesty tointerpose in order to prevent the ruin ofthis venerable fabric, when that Prince,considering of what importance appearancesare in the promotion of publiczeal, caused it to be rumoured abroad,that on Sunday the 26th of March 1620,he would be present at divine service in St.Paul’s cathedral.

Accordingly at the day appointed, hisMajesty came thither on horseback in allthe pomp of royalty, attended by theprincipal nobility and great officers of hiscourt, and was met by the Lord Mayor,Aldermen and Livery in their formalities,who, upon the King’s alighting at thegreat west door, joined in the procession.When his Majesty entered the church, hekneeled near the brazen pillar, where heprayed for success; and then was receivedunder a canopy, supported by the Deanand Residentiaries, the rest of the Prebendsand Dignitaries, with the wholecompany of singing men advancing beforehim to the choir, which, on this occasion,was richly adorned with hangings.Here he heard an anthem, and then proceededto the cross, where Dr. King,Bishop of London, preached a sermonsuitable to the occasion, from a text givenhim by his Majesty, in Psalm cii. 13, 14.128and this sermon was afterwards circulatedwith considerable effect through the wholekingdom. After divine service was ended,his Majesty and the whole court weresplendidly entertained at the Bishop’spalace, where a consultation was held, inwhich it was agreed to issue a commissionunder the great seal, directed to the principalpersonages in the kingdom, empoweringthem to consider of the necessaryrepairs, and to raise money for carryingthem into execution. But tho’ thecommissioners afterwards met to prosecutethis enquiry, yet, as it was found thatthe ruin of the Bishop and principal Dignitariesof the cathedral was chieflyaimed at, the whole affair came to nothing.

However, in the succeeding reignanother commission was obtained forthe same purpose, by the assiduity ofArchbishop Laud, which was attendedwith better success; so that in 1632,Inigo Jones, his Majesty’s Surveyor-general,was ordered to begin there pairsat the south east end, and to bring themalong by the south to the west end.

That celebrated architect prosecuted thework with such diligence, that in nineyears time, the whole was finished bothwithin and without, except the steeple,129which was intended to be entirely takendown, and a magnificent portico of theCorinthian order, was also erected atthe west end, at the sole expence ofKing Charles I. ornamented with thestatues of his royal father and himself.

Every thing being now in readiness forerecting the steeple and spire, which wereto be of stone, an estimate was made ofthe money contributed, and that alreadyexpended in repairs; whereby it appearedthat 101,330l. 4s. 8d. had been receivedinto the chamber of London on this account,and but 35,551l. 2s. 4d. paid out,so that there appeared to be a fund in handsufficient to erect it in the most magnificentmanner: but the flames of civil warsoon after breaking out, a period was putto this great design.

The revenues were now seized, thefamous Pulpit Cross in the church yardwas pulled down; the scaffolding of thesteeple was assigned by parliament for thepayment of arrears due to the army; thebody of the church was converted intosaw pits; part of the south cross wassuffered to tumble down; the west part ofthe church was converted into a stable; andthe stately new portico into shops for millinersand others, with lodging rooms over130them, at the erecting of which, Dr. Heylinobserves, the magnificent columns werepiteously mangled, being obliged to makeway for the ends of beams, which penetratedtheir centers.

However, at the restoration, a newcommission was procured for its immediatereparation, and great sums of moneyraised by a voluntary contribution; butbefore any thing material could be accomplished,the dreadful fire of Londonreduced the whole edifice to little betterthan a heap of ruins.

After two years fruitless labour in endeavouringto fit up some part of theold fabric for divine worship, it was foundto be incapable of any substantial repair.It was therefore resolved to raze the foundationsof the old building, and to erecton the same spot a new cathedralthat should equal, if not exceed thesplendor of the old; for this end letterspatent were granted to several Lords spiritualand temporal, authorising them toproceed in the work, and appointing Dr.Christopher Wren, Surveyor-general ofall his Majesty’s works, to prepare a model.Contributions came in so extremely fast,that in the first ten years above 126,000l.was paid into the chamber of London; anew duty for the carrying on of this work131was laid on coals, which at a mediumproduced 5000l. per annum, and hisMajesty generously contributed 1000l.a year, towards carrying on the work.

Dr. Wren, afterwards Sir Christopher,was now called upon to produce his designs;he had before drawn several, in orderto discover what would be most acceptableto the general taste; and findingthat persons of all degrees declared formagnificence and grandeur, he formed avery noble one, conformable to the beststyle of the Greek and Roman architecture,and having caused a large model tobe made of it in wood, with all its ornaments,he presented it to his Majesty; butthe Bishops not approving of it, as notenough of a cathedral fashion, the Surveyorwas ordered to amend it, uponwhich he produced the scheme of thepresent structure, which was honouredwith his Majesty’s approbation. The firstdesign, however, which was only of theCorinthian order, like St. Peter’s at Rome,the Surveyor set a higher value upon than onany other he ever drew, and as the authorof his life observes, would have put it inexecution with more cheerfulness, thanthat which we now see erected. Thiscurious model is still preserved in the132cathedral, and may be seen at a smallexpence.

In the year 1675, Dr. Wren beganto prosecute the work; the pullingdown the old walls, which were eightyfeet high, and clearing the rubbish, hadcost many of the labourers their lives;and this put him upon contriving to facilitateits execution by art. The first projecthe tried was with gunpowder; foron their coming to the tower of thesteeple, the men absolutely refused to workupon it; for its height struck the mosthardy of them with terror. He thereforecaused a hole of about four feet wide to bedug in the foundation of the north westpillar, it being supported by four pillarseach fourteen feet diameter, and thenwith tools made on purpose, wrought ahole two feet square into the center of thepillar, in which he placed a little dealbox, containing only eighteen pounds ofpowder. A cane was fixed to the box witha match, and the hole closed up againwith as much strength as possible.

Nothing now remained but to set fireto the train, and the Surveyor was exceedingcurious to observe the effect ofthe explosion, which indeed was wonderful;for this small quantity of powder133not only lifted up the whole angle of thetower, with two arches that rested uponit; but also the two adjoining arches ofthe isles, and all above them; and thisit seemed to do somewhat leisurely, crackingthe walls to the top, and lifting upvisibly the whole weight about nine inches,which suddenly tumbling to its center,again caused an enormous heap of ruin,without scattering, and it was half aminute before this huge mountain openedin two or three places and emitted smoke.The shock of so great a weight from aheight of two hundred feet, alarmed theinhabitants round about with the terribleapprehensions of an earthquake.

A second trial of the same kind, wasmade by a person appointed by Dr. Wren,who being too wise in his own conceit,disobeyed the orders he had received, putin a greater quantity of powder, andomitted to take the same care in closingup the hole, or digging to the foundation;but though this second trial had the desiredeffect, yet one stone was shot as fromthe mouth of a cannon to the oppositeside of the church yard, and entered aprivate room where some women were atwork; but no other damage was done,besides spreading a panic among theneighbours, who instantly made application134above against the farther use ofgunpowder, and orders were issued fromthe council board accordingly.

The Surveyor being now reduced to thenecessity of making new experiments, resolvedto try the battering ram of the ancients,and therefore caused a strong mastforty feet long to be shod with iron at thebiggest end, and fortified every way withbars and ferrels, and having caused it tobe suspended set it to work. Thirty menwere employed in vibrating this machine,who beat in one place against the wall awhole day without any visible effect. Hehowever bid them not despair, but trywhat another day would produce; andon the second day the wall was perceivedto tremble at the top, and in a few hoursit fell to the ground.

In clearing the foundation, he foundthat the north side had been anciently agreat burying place; for under the gravesof these latter ages, he found in a row thegraves of the Saxons, who cased theirdead in chalk stones; tho’ persons of greateminence were buried in stone coffins:below these were the graves of the ancientBritons, as was manifest from the greatnumber of ivory and wooden pins foundamong the mouldered dust; for it wastheir method only to pin the corpse in135woollen shrouds, and lay them in theground, and this covering being consumed,the ivory and wooden pins remainedentire.

At a still greater depth he discovered agreat number of Roman potsheards, urns,and dishes, sound, and of a beautiful redlike our sealing wax; on the bottoms ofsome of them were inscriptions, whichdenoted their having been drinking vessels;and on others, which resembled ourmodern sallad dishes, beautifully madeand curiously wrought, was the inscriptionDZ. PRIMANI. and on others,those of PATRICI. QUINTIMANI.VICTOR. IANUS. RECINIO, &c. Thepots and several glass vessels were of amurrey colour; and others resemblingurns, were beautifully embellished on theoutsides with raised work, representinggrey hounds, stags, hares, and rose trees.Others were of a cinnamon colour, inthe form of an urn, and tho’ a little faded,appeared as if they had been gilt. Someresembling juggs formed an hexagon, andwere curiously indented and adorned witha variety of figures in basso relievo.

The red vessels appeared to have beenthe most honourable; for on them wereinscribed the names of their deities,heroes, and judges; and the matter of136which these vessels were made, was ofsuch an excellent composition, as to viewith polished metal in beauty.

There were also discovered severalbrass coins, which by their long continuancein the earth were become a prey totime; but some of them that were in amore favourable soil, were so well preservedas to discover in whose reign theywere coined: on one of them wasAdrian’s head, with a galley under oarson the reverse; and on others, the headsof Romulus and Remus, Claudius andConstantine.

At a somewhat smaller depth were discovereda number of lapilli or tesselæ, ofvarious sorts of marble, viz. Egyptian,Porphyry, Jasper, &c. in the form of dice,which were used by the Romans in pavingthe prætorium, or General’s tent. ConyersM. S. in the Sloanian library, in theMuseum.

On searching for the natural ground,Dr. Wren perceived that the foundationof the old church stood upon a layerof very close and hard pot earth, on thenorth side about six feet deep, but graduallythinning towards the south, till onthe declivity of the hill, it was scarcefour feet; yet he concluded that thesame ground which had borne so weighty137a building before, might reasonably betrusted again. However, boring beneaththis, he found a stratum of loose sand;and lower still, at low water mark, waterand sand mixed with periwinkles andother sea shells; under this, a hardbeach; and below all the natural bed ofclay that extends far and wide, under thecity, country, and river.

The foundations appeared to be thoseoriginally laid, consisting of Kentishrubble stone, artfully worked and consolidatedwith exceeding hard mortar,after the Roman manner, much excellingwhat he found in the superstructure. Whatinduced him to change the scite of thechurch, and eraze the old foundationswhich were so firm, was the desire ofgiving the new structure a more free andgraceful aspect; yet after all, he foundhimself too much confined; and unableto bring his front to lie exactly fromLudgate. However, in his progress hemet with one misfortune that made himalmost repent of the alteration he hadmade; he began the foundation from thewest to the east, and then extending hisline to the north east, where he expectedno interruption, he fell upon a pit, wherethe hard crust of pot earth, already mentioned,had been taken away, and to his138unspeakable mortification, filled up withrubbish: he wanted but six or seven feetto complete his design, yet there was noother remedy but digging thro’ the sand,and building from the solid earth, thatwas at least forty feet deep. He thereforesunk a pit eighteen feet wide, tho’he wanted at most but seven, thro’ all thestrata, that has been already mentioned,and laid the foundations of a square pierof solid good masonry, which he carried uptill he came within fifteen feet of the presentsurface; and then turned a short archunder ground to the level of the stratumof hard pot-earth, upon which arch thenorth east coin of the choir now stands.

This difficulty being surmounted, andthe foundations laid, he for several reasonsmade choice of Portland stone for thesuperstructure; but chiefly as the largestscantlings were to be procured fromthence: however, as these could not bedepended upon for columns exceeding fourfeet in diameter, this determined thisgreat architect to make choice of two ordersinstead of one, and an Attic story,as at St. Peter’s at Rome, in order to preservethe just proportions of his cornice,otherwise the edifice must have fallen shortof its intended height. Bramante inbuilding St. Peter’s, though he had the139quarries of Tivoli at hand, where hecould have blocks large enough for hiscolumns of nine feet diameter, yet forwant of stones of suitable dimensions, wasobliged to diminish the proportions of theproper members of his cornice; a faultagainst which Dr. Wren resolved toguard. On these principles he thereforeproceeded, in raising the present magnificentedifice.

The general form of St. Paul’s cathedralis a long cross: the walls are wrought inrustic, and strengthened as well as adornedby two rows of coupled pilasters, one overthe other; the lower Corinthian, andthe upper Composite. The spaces betweenthe arches of the windows, and thearchitrave of the lower order, are filledwith a great variety of curious enrichments,as are those above.

The west front is graced with a mostmagnificent portico, a noble pediment,and two stately turrets, and when oneadvances towards the church from Ludgate,the elegant construction of this front,the fine turrets over each corner, and thevast dome behind, fill the mind with apleasing astonishment.

At this end, there is a noble flight ofsteps of black marble, that extend thewhole length of the portico, which140consists of twelve lofty Corinthian columnsbelow, and eight of the Composite orderabove; these are all coupled and fluted.The upper series supports a noble pedimentcrowned with its acroteria. In thispediment is a very elegant representationin bas relief, of the conversion of St. Paul,which was executed by Mr. Bird, an artist,who, by this piece, has deserved tohave his name transmitted to posterity.Nothing could have been conceived moredifficult to represent in bas relief than thisconversion; the most striking object beingnaturally the irradiation of light, buteven this is well expressed, and the figuresare excellently performed. The magnificentfigure of St. Paul, also on the apexof the pediment, with St. Peter on hisright and St. James on his left, have a fineeffect. The four Evangelists with theirproper emblems on the front of thetowers, are also very judiciously disposed,and well executed: St. Matthew is distinguishedby an angel: St. Mark, by alion; St. Luke, by an ox; and St. John,by an eagle.

To the north portico, there is an ascentby twelve circular steps of black marble;and its dome is supported by six largeCorinthian columns, forty-eight inchesin diameter. Upon the dome is a large141and well proportioned urn, finely ornamentedwith festoons; and over this isa pediment supported by pilasters in thewall, in the face of which is the royalarms, with the regalia, supported byangels. And lest this view of the cathedralshould appear void of sufficient ornament,the statues of five of the Apostlesare placed on the top at proper distances.

The south portico answers to the north,and is placed directly opposite to it. This,like the other, is a dome supported by sixnoble Corinthian columns: but, as theground is considerably lower on this, thanon the other side of the church, the ascentis by a flight of twenty-five steps. Thisportico has also a pediment above, inwhich is a phœnix rising out of the flameswith the motto RESURGAM underneathit, as an emblem of the rebuildingthe church after the fire. This device hadperhaps its origin from an incident, whichhappened at the beginning of the work,and was particularly remarked by thearchitect as a favourable omen. WhenDr. Wren himself had set out upon theplace the dimensions of the building, andfixed upon the center of the great dome,a common labourer was ordered to bringhim a flat stone, the first he found among142the rubbish, to leave as a mark of directionto the masons; the stone which thefellow brought for this purpose, happenedto be a piece of a grave stone with nothingremaining of the inscription but thissingle word in large capitals, RESURGAM;a circ*mstance which Dr. Wrennever forgot. On this side of the buildingare likewise five statues, which take theirsituation from that of St. Andrew onthe apex of the last mentioned pediment.

At the cast end of the church is a sweepor circular projection for the altar, finelyornamented with the orders, and withsculpture, particularly a noble piece inhonour of his Majesty King William III.

The dome which rises in the center ofthe whole, appears extremely grand.Twenty feet above the roof of the churchis a circular range of thirty-two columns,with niches placed exactly against otherswithin. These are terminated by theirentablature, which supports a handsomegallery adorned with a balustrade. Abovethese columns is a range of pilasters, withwindows between; and from the entablatureof these the diameter decreasesvery considerably; and two feet abovethat it is again contracted. From thispart the external sweep of the dome begins,143and the arches meet at fifty-twofeet above. On the summit of the domeis an elegant balcony; and from its centerrises the lanthorn adorned with Corinthiancolumns; and the whole is terminated bya ball, from which rises a cross, both elegantlygilt. These parts, which appearfrom below of a very moderate size, areextremely large.

This vast and noble fabric, which is2292 feet in circumference, and 340 feetin height to the top of the cross, is surroundedat a proper distance by a dwarfstone wall, on which is placed the mostmagnificent balustrade of cast iron perhapsin the universe, of about five feet six inchesin height, exclusive of the wall. In thisstately enclosure are seven beautiful irongates, which, together with the banisters,in number about 2500, weigh twohundred tons and eighty-one pounds,which having cost 6d. per pound, thewhole, with other charges, amounted to11,202l. and 6d.

In the area of the grand west front, on apedestal of excellent workmanship, standsa statue of Queen Anne, formed ofwhite marble with proper decorations. Thefigures on the base represent Britannia withher spear; Gallia, with a crown in her lap;Hibernia, with her harp; and America144with her bow. These, and the colossalstatues with which the church is adorned,were all done by the ingenious Mr. Hill,who was chiefly employed in the decorations.

The north east part of the church yardis conferred by the Dean and Chapterupon the inhabitants of St. Faith’s parish,which is united to St. Austin’s, for theinterment of their dead; as is also thesouth east part of the cemetery, with a vaulttherein, granted to St. Gregory’s parish forthe same use.

On ascending the steps at the west end,we find three doors ornamented on the topwith bas relief; the middle door, which isby far the largest, is cased with whitemarble, and over it is a fine piece of bassorelievo, in which St. Paul is representedpreaching to the Bereans. On enteringthis door, on the inside of which hang thecolours taken from the French at Louisbourgin 1758, the mind is struck by thenobleness of the vista; an arcade supportedby lofty and massy pillars on eachhand, divide the church into the bodyand two isles, and the view is terminatedby the altar at the extremity of the choir.The above pillars are adorned with columnsand pilasters of the Corinthian andComposite orders, and the arches of the145roof enriched with shields, festoons, chapletsand other ornaments.

In the isle on one hand is the consistory,and opposite to it on the other is themorning prayer chapel, where divine serviceis performed every morning early,Sunday excepted: each of these have avery beautiful screen of carved wainscot,that is admired by the best judges, andeach are adorned with twelve columns,arched pediments and the royal arms,finely decorated.

On proceeding forward, you come tothe large cross isle between the north andsouth porticos; over which is the cupola.Here you have a view of the whisperinggallery, of the paintings above it, and theconcave, which fills the mind with surpriseand pleasure. Under its center isfixed in the floor a brass plate, roundwhich the pavement is beautifully variegated;but the figures into which it isformed can no where be so well seen asfrom the whispering gallery.

You have now a full view of the organ,richly ornamented with carved work,with the entrance to the choir directlyunder it. The two isles on the sides ofthe choir, as well as the choir itself, are hereenclosed with very fine iron rails and gates.

The organ gallery is supported by eightCorinthian columns of blue and white146marble, and the choir has on each sidethirty stalls, besides the Bishop’s throneon the south side, and the Lord Mayor’son the north. The carving of the beautifulrange of stalls as well as that of the organ,is much admired.

Here the reader’s desk, which is at somedistance from the pulpit, is an enclosureof very fine brass rails gilt, in which is agilt brass pillar supporting an eagle of brassgilt, which holds the book on his back andexpanded wings.

The altar piece is adorned with fournoble fluted pilasters painted and veinedwith gold in imitation of lapis lazuli, andtheir capitals are double gilt. In the intercolumniationsare twenty-one pannelsof figured crimson velvet, and above themsix windows, in two series.

The floor of the choir, and indeed of thewhole church, is paved with marble: butwithin the rails of the altar with porphyry,polished and laid in several geometricalfigures.

But to be more particular: as the dispositionof the vaultings within is an essentialbeauty, without which many otherornaments would lose their effect, so thearchitect was particularly careful in thisrespect. “The Romans,” says the authorof the Parentalia, “used hemisphericalvaultings, and Sir Christopher chose147those as being demonstrably lighter thanthe diagonal cross vaults: so the wholevault of St. Paul’s consists of twenty-fourcupolas cut off semicircular, withsegments to join to the great arches oneway, and which are cut across theother, with eliptical cylinders to let inthe upper lights of the nave; but inthe isles the lesser cupolas are bothways cut in semicircular sections, andaltogether make a graceful geometricalform, distinguished with circularwreaths which is the horizontal sectionof the cupola; for the hemisphere maybe cut all manner of ways into circularsections; and the arches and wreathsbeing of stone carved, the spandrelsbetween are of sound brick, investedwith stucco of co*ckle-shell lime, whichbecomes as hard as Portland stone; andwhich having large planes between thestone ribs, are capable of the fartherornaments of painting, if required.

“Besides these twenty-four cupolas,there is a half cupola at the east, andthe great cupola of 108 feet in diameterat the middle of the crossing of the greatisles. In this the architect imitated thePantheon at Rome, excepting that theupper order is there only umbratile,and distinguished by different colouredmarbles; in St. Paul’s it is extant out148of the wall. The Pantheon is no higherwithin than its diameter; St. Peter’s istwo diameters; this shews too high,the other too low; St. Paul’s is a meanproportion between both, which shewsits concave every way, and is verylightsome by the windows of the upperorder, which strike down the lightthro’ the great colonade that encirclesthe dome without, and serves for theabutment of the dome, which is brickof two bricks thick; but as it risesevery way five feet high, has a courseof excellent brick of eighteen incheslong banding thro’ the whole thickness;and moreover, to make it stillmore secure, it is surrounded with avast chain of iron strongly linked togetherat every ten feet. This chainis let into a channel cut into the bandageof Portland stone, and defendedfrom the weather by filling the groovewith lead.

“The concave was turned upon acenter; which was judged necessaryto keep the work even and true, thougha cupola might be built without a center;but it is observable that the centerwas laid without any standards frombelow to support; and as it was bothcentering and scaffolding, it remainedfor the use of the painter. Every story149of this scaffolding being circular, andthe ends of all the ledgers meeting asso many rings, and truly wrought, itsupported itself. This machine wasan original of the kind, and will be anuseful project for the like work, to anarchitect hereafter.

“It was necessary to give a greaterheight than the cupola would gracefullyallow within, tho’ it is considerablyabove the roof of the church; yet theold church having before had a verylofty spire of timber and lead, theworld expected that the new workshould not, in this respect, fall short ofthe old; the architect was thereforeobliged to comply with the humour ofthe age, and to raise another structureover the first cupola; and this was acone of brick, so built as to support astone lanthorn of an elegant figure,and ending in ornaments of copper gilt.

“As the whole church above thevaulting is covered with a substantialoaken roof, and lead, the most durablecovering in our climate, so he coveredand hid out of sight the brick cone,with another cupola of timber andlead; and between this and the cone,are easy stairs that ascend to the lanthorn.Here the spectator may have aview of such amazing contrivances as150are indeed astonishing. He forbore tomake little luthern windows in theleaden cupola, as are done out of St.Peter’s, because he had otherwise providedfor light enough to the stairsfrom the lanthorn above, and roundthe pedestal of the same, which arenow seen below; so that he only ribbedthe outward cupola, which hethought less Gothic than to stick it fullof such little lights in three stories oneabove another, as is the cupola of St.Peter’s, which could not without difficultybe mended, and, if neglected,would soon damage the timbers.”

As Sir Christopher was sensible, thatpaintings, tho’ ever so excellent, are liableto decay, he intended to have beautifiedthe inside of the cupola with mosaic work,which strikes the eye of the beholderwith amazing lustre, and without the leastdecay of colours, is as durable as thebuilding itself; but in this he was unhappilyover-ruled, tho’ he had undertaken toprocure four of the most eminent artists inthat profession from Italy; this part ishowever richly decorated and painted bySir James Thornhill, who has representedthe principal passages of St. Paul’s life ineight compartments, viz. his conversion;his punishing Elymas, the sorcerer, withblindness; his preaching at Athens; his151curing the poor cripple at Lystra, and thereverence paid him there by the priestsof Jupiter as a God; his conversion of thejailer; his preaching at Ephesus, and theburning of the magic books in consequenceof the miracles he wrought there;his trial before Agrippa; his shipwreck onthe island of Melita, or Malta, with themiracle of the viper. These paintingsare all seen to advantage by means of acircular opening, through which the lightis transmitted with admirable effect fromthe lanthorn above.

The highest or last stone on the top ofthe lanthorn, was laid by Mr. ChristopherWren, the son of this great architect, inthe year 1710; and thus was this noblefabric, lofty enough to be discerned at seaeastward, and at Windsor to the west,begun and compleated in the space ofthirty-five years, by one architect, thegreat Sir Christopher Wren; one principalmason, Mr. Strong; and under oneBishop of London, Dr. Henry Compton:whereas St. Peter’s at Rome, the onlystructure that can come in competitionwith it, continued an hundred and fiftyfive years in building, under twelve successivearchitects; assisted by the policeand interests of the Roman see; attendedby the best artists of the world in sculpture,statuary, painting and mosaic work;152and facilitated by the ready acquisition ofmarble from the neighbouring quarries ofTivoli.

The curiosities in this cathedral whichstrangers pay for seeing. On enteringthe south door, there is a pair of stairswithin a small door on the right, leadingto the cupola, and the stranger by payingtwo pence may gratify his curiosity witha prospect from the iron gallery at thefoot of the lanthorn, which in a clear dayaffords a fine view of the river, of thiswhole metropolis and all the adjacentcountry, interspersed with pleasant villages.

The ascent to this gallery is by 534steps, 260 of which are so easy that achild may without difficulty ascend them;but those above are unpleasant, and in someplaces very dark; but the little lightthat is afforded is sufficient to shew amazingproofs of the wonderful contrivancesof the architect. But as the first gallery,surrounded by a stone balustrade, affordsa very fine prospect, many are satisfied,and unwilling to undergo the fatigue ofmounting higher.

On the stranger’s descent he is invitedto see the whispering gallery, which willlikewise cost two pence; he here beholdsto advantage the beautiful pavement ofthe church, and from hence he hasthe most advantageous view of the fine153paintings in the cupola. Here sounds aremagnified to an astonishing degree; theleast whisper is heard round the wholecircumference; the voice of one personsoftly speaking against the wall on theother side, seems as if he stood at our earon this, though the distance betweenthem is no less than an hundred and fortyfeet: and the shutting of the door resoundsthrough the place like thunder, oras if the whole fabric was falling asunder.To this gallery there is an easy ascentfor persons of distinction, by a mostbeautiful flight of stairs.

The stranger is next invited to see thelibrary, the books of which are neithernumerous nor valuable; but the floor isartfully inlaid without either nails or pegs,and the wainscoting and book cases are notinelegant.

The next curiosity is the fine modelSir Christopher first caused to be made forbuilding the new cathedral. It was nottaken from St. Peter’s at Rome, as is pretended;but was Sir Christopher’s owninvention, and the model on which heset the highest value; and it is a greatpity, that what was performed as the utmostexertion of the abilities of this greatarchitect, should be suffered to run to decay.

He is next shewn the great bell in thesouth tower, which weighs 84 c. weight.154On this bell the hammer of the great clockstrikes the hour, and on a smaller bell arestruck the quarters.

The last thing shewn, are what arevulgarly called the geometry stairs, whichare so artfully contrived as to hang togetherwithout visible support; but thiskind of stairs, however curious in themselves,are neither new nor uncommon.Parentalia. Historical account of the curiositiesof London, &c.

The cathedral church of St. Paul’s isdeservedly esteemed the second in Europe,not for magnitude only but for beautyand grandeur. St. Peter’s at Rome isundoubtedly the first, but at the sametime it is generally acknowledged by alltravellers of taste, that the outside, andparticularly the front of St. Paul’s, ismuch superior to St. Peter’s. The twotowers at the west end, though faulty insome respects, are yet elegant, and theportico finely marks the principal entrance.The loggia, crowned with apediment, with its alto relievo and statues,make in the whole a fine shape,whereas St. Peter’s is a straight line withoutany break. The dome is extremelymagnificent, and by rising higher thanthat at Rome, is seen to more advantageon a near approach. The inside, thoughnoble, falls short of St. Peter’s. The discontinuing155the architrave of the great entablatureover the arches in the middle ofthe isle, is a fault the architects can neverforgive. Notwithstanding, without a criticalexamination, it appears very striking,especially on entering the north or southdoor. The side isles though small are veryelegant, and if it does not equal St. Peter’s,there is much to be said in defence bothof it and the architect, who was not permittedto decorate it as he intended,through a want of taste in the managers,who seemed to have forgot that it wasintended a national ornament. St. Peter’shas all the advantages of painting andsculpture of the greatest masters, and isencrusted with a variety of the finestmarbles, no cost being spared to make itexceed every thing of its kind. Thegreat geometrical knowledge of the architectcan never be sufficiently admired,but this can be come at only by a thoroughinspection of the several parts.

For the farther satisfaction of the curiousreader, we shall conclude this articlewith an account of the dimensionsof St. Paul’s cathedral compared withthose of St. Peter’s at Rome, from an accountpublished some years ago: the measuresof the latter being taken from theauthentic dimensions of the best architectsof Rome, reduced to English measure.

160The whole expence of erecting thisedifice, on deducting the sums expended infruitless attempts to repair the old cathedral,amounted to 736,752l. 2s. 3d.

St. Paul’s Bakehouse court, Godliman’s street.

St. Paul’s chain, a lane on the south of St.Paul’s Church yard.

St. Paul’s Church yard, 1. The area roundSt. Paul’s cathedral, surrounded on thenorth and west chiefly by booksellers andtoy-shops, and on the south side by themakers of chairs, screens and cabinets. 2.Behind Covent Garden church.

St. Paul’s College court, St. Paul’s Church yard.

St. Paul’s Covent Garden, a very noble edificebuilt by Inigo Jones for a chapel, but nowa parish church. See Covent Garden.

Paul’s court, 1. Huggen lane, Thamesstreet. 2. Wood street, Cheapside.

Paul’s Head court, Fenchurch street.

St. Paul’s School, at the east end of St.Paul’s Church yard, was founded by Dr.John Collet Dean of St. Paul’s in the year1509, for a Master, an Usher and Chaplain,and an hundred and fifty-threescholars; for the teaching of whom thefounder appointed a salary of 34l. 13s. 4d.for the upper Master; for the under Master17l. 6s. 8d. and for the Chaplain orthird Master, 8l. per annum. He appointedthe company of Mercers trustees161of this school, and by the improvementof the estate since that time, the goodmanagement of the company, and someadditional sums left to this foundation, thesalaries of the Masters are become considerable;the upper Master having 300l.a year, besides the advantage of additionalscholars and boarders, by which hegenerally makes about 200l. a year more;the second Master has 250l. a year, andthe third 90l. a year.

The original building was consumedby the fire of London, and soon after thepresent structure was raised in its place. Itis a very singular, and at the same timea very handsome edifice. The centralbuilding in which is the school, is ofstone; it is much lower than the ends,and has only one series of windows, whichare large, and raised a considerable heightfrom the ground. The center is adornedwith rustic, and on the top is a handsomepediment, in which are the founder’s armsplaced in a shield; upon the apex standsa figure representing Learning. Underthis pediment are two windows which aresquare, and on each side are two circularwindows crowned with busts, and thespaces between them are handsomely ornamentedby work in relievo. Upon alevel with the foot of the pediment runs162on either side a handsome balustrade, onwhich is placed on each side a large bustwith a radiant crown, between two flamingvases.

The buildings at the ends of this elegantstructure are narrow, and rise to agreat height. They are of brick ornamentedwith stone, and have each a smalldoor, and are crowned at the top with asmall balustrade.

St. Paul’s Shadwell, owes its existence tothe increase of buildings. Shadwell,though now joined to London, was ancientlya hamlet belonging to Stepney;but being greatly increased in the numberof its inhabitants, Thomas Neale, Esq;erected the present church in the year1656 for their accommodation; and in1669, this district was by act of parliamentconstituted a distinct parish fromthat of Stepney, and 120l. per annumwas granted for the maintenance of theRector in lieu of tithes, besides a considerableglebe, oblations and church dues,so that the living is worth about 324l. ayear. Maitland.

This church, which is but a meanedifice built with brick, is eighty-sevenfeet long, and sixty-three broad; theheight to the roof is twenty-eight feet,and that of the steeple sixty. The body163has a few windows with rustic arches, andsome very mean ones in the roof. At thecorners of the building are balls placed ona kind of small pedestals. The tower iscarried up without ornament, and is terminatedwith balls at the corners in thesame manner as the body of the church,and is crowned with a plain low turret.

Paul’s wharf, near Bennet’s Hill.☐

Paul’s wharf stairs, Paul’s wharf.☐

Pay Office of the Navy, a plain building inBroad street near London wall, under thedirection of the Treasurer and Paymaster,who pay for all the stores for the use ofthe royal navy, and the wages of thesailors in his Majesty’s service.

The Treasurer, who is the principalofficer, has a salary of 2000l. per annum,and the Paymaster, who is also accomptant,has 500l. a year; under this last areeight clerks who attend the payment ofwages; three, who have 80l. a year;and five who have 40l. a year each: besidestwo extra-clerks, who have each50l. a year. There are also five clerksfor paying bills in course, and writingledgers, viz. three who have 80l. a year;and two who have only 40l. a year each;besides an extra-clerk who has 50l. ayear.

In this office there is likewise a Cashier164of the victualling, who has a salary of150l. per annum, and has three clerksunder him, one of 70l. one of 50l. and oneof 40l. a year.

Peachtree court, Butcher row, withoutTemple Bar.‡

Peachy court, Sheer lane, within Templebar.

Peaco*ck alley, Milford lane, in theStrand.*

Peaco*ck court, 1. Fleet market.* 2. Giltspurstreet, without Newgate.* 3. Whitechapel.*

Peaco*ck lane, Newington butts.*

Peaco*ck yard, 1. Islington.* 2. Porter’sstreet.* 3. Whitecross street, Cripplegate.*4. Whitehorse alley, Cowcross,Smithfield.*

Pead’s yard, Bankside, Southwark.†

Peak street, Swallow street.†

Peal alley, Upper Shadwell.†

Peal yard, Mint street.†

Pearl court, Little Pearl street, Spitalfields.*2. White Friars.*

Pearl street, 1. Grey Eagle street, Spitalfields.*2. Silver street, Bloomsbury.*

Peartree alley, 1. Cinnamon street.‡ 2.Shoreditch.‡ 3. Wapping.‡

Peartree court, 1. Aldersgate street.‡ 2.Clerkenwell close.‡ 3. Hockley in theHole.‡

165Peartree street, Brick lane, Old street.‡

Peascod court, St. John’s street, Smithfield.

Peas Porrige alley, Gravel lane.‖

Peas yard, Nightingale lane.

Peckham, a pleasant village in Surry, inthe parish of Camberwell. Here is theseat of the late Lord Trevor, built in thereign of King James II. by Sir ThomasBond, who being deeply engaged in thepernicious schemes of that imprudentPrince, was obliged to leave the kingdomwith him, when the house was plunderedby the populace, and became forfeitedto the crown. The front of the housestands to the north, with a spacious gardenbefore it, from which extends tworows of large elms, of considerable length,through which the Tower of London terminatesthe prospect. But on each side ofthis avenue you have a view of London;and the masts of vessels appearing at highwater over the trees and houses up toGreenwich, greatly improve the prospect.Peckham, which lies on the back side ofthe gardens, is shut out from the viewby plantations. The kitchen garden andthe walls were planted with the choicestfruit trees from France, and an experiencedgardener was sent for from Paris to havethe management of them; so that the collection166of fruit trees in this garden hasbeen accounted one of the best in England.

After the death of the late Lord Trevor,this seat was purchased by a privategentleman, who began to make very considerableimprovements, and had he liveda few years longer, would have renderedit a very delightful retreat.

There are also at Peckham severalother villas, and neat houses of retirement,inhabited by the tradesmen ofLondon, and those who have retired frombusiness.

Peckham Rye, a village in Surry, on thesouth side of Peckham.

Pedlars street, New Bond street.

Peel court, Glasshouse yard, Goswellstreet.

Peel yard, near Peel court, Glasshouseyard.

Peerless Pool, near Old street road, wasformerly a spring that overflowing itsbanks, caused a very dangerous pond,which from the number of persons wholost their lives there, obtained the nameof Perilous Pool. To prevent these accidentsit was in a manner filled up, till inthe year 1743, Mr. Kemp converted itinto what may perhaps be esteemed oneof the compleatest swimming baths in the167world; and as it is the only one of thekind in Christendom, it may deserve aparticular notice.

You enter from a bowling-green onthe south side, by a neat arcade thirty-feetlong, furnished with a small collectionof modern books for the entertainmentof those subscribers who delight inreading. Contiguous are many dressingapartments; some of which are open,and others rendered private, all paved withpurbeck stone; and on each side of thebath is a bower divided into apartmentsfor dressing. At the other end is placeda circular bench, capable of accommodatingforty gentlemen at a sitting, under theshelter of a wall. One side is inclosed bya mount 150 feet long, planted with agreat variety of shrubs, and on the top isan agreeable terrace walk planted withlimes. The pleasure bath is 170 feetlong, and above 100 broad; it is five feetdeep at the bottom in the middle, and underfour feet at the sides, and the descentinto it is by four pair of marble steps to afine gravel bottom. Here is also a coldbath, generally allowed to be the largestin England, it being forty feet long, andtwenty feet broad, with two flights ofmarble steps, and a dressing room at eachend; at four feet deep is a bottom of lettice168work, under which the water is fivefeet deep. To these the ingenious projectorhas added a well stocked fish pond320 feet long, for the diversion of thosesubscribers who are fond of angling, andadorned on each side with arbours, andwith a terrace, the slopes of which areplanted with many thousand shrubs, and thewalks one of gravel, and the other of grass,are bordered with stately limes. The eastend the garden extends to a genteel publichouse, and the westward is terminated byanother garden, and a well-built privatehouse inhabited by Mr. Kemp, the sonof the ingenious projector, who afterhaving made these improvements, changedthe name from Perilous to PeerlessPool.

Peght’s yard, Castle lane.†

Pelham street, Brick lane, Spitalfields.†

Pelican court, Little Britain.*

Pelican stairs, Wapping.*

Pelican yard, Butcher row, East Smithfield.*

Pemberton’s rents, 1. Hand alley.† 2. Newstreet.†

Pemberton row, Fetter lane.†

Pemell’s Almshouse, at Mile-end, wasfounded by Mr. John Pemell, citizen anddraper, in the year 1698, for four poordrapers widows, and the same number of169seamen’s widows, to be presented by theChurchwardens of Old Stepney parish.Each of these almswomen have an allowanceof 1s. 8d. per week, half a chaldronof coals every year, and a gown everyother year. Maitland.

Pemlico, near Buckingham House, St.James’s Park.

Pennington street, Old Gravel lane.†

Pennybarber’s alley, Stony lane.‖

Pennyfield street, Poplar.

Penny Post Office, an office unknown inother countries, was projected by Mr.David Murray, an upholder in Pater nosterrow in the year 1683, who by this admirableand useful project, deserves to beconsidered as a benefactor to the city, andto have his name transmitted down to posterity.He communicated the scheme toMr. William Dockwra, who carried it onfor some time with great success, till thegovernment laid claim to it as a royal prerogative;Dockwra was obliged to submit,and in return had a pension of 200l.per annum allowed him by the King duringlife.

It was erected for carrying letters notonly of one sheet but of several, to anypart of this great metropolis, or the adjacentvillages, on paying only one pennyon delivering the letter to be thus carried:170but at some of the more distant villages,an additional penny is demanded of theperson to whom the letter is delivered.

This office is under the direction of thePostmaster-general; who appoints, asmanagers, a Comptroller, an Accomptant,a Receiver and Comptroller’s clerk;who have under their management sixsorters, and eight subsorters of letters,seventy-four messengers, or letter-carriers,and 334 houses within the bills ofmortality, for receiving or taking in letters,which are divided among the six officesfollowing; the general office in St.Christopher’s Church yard, and the fiveoffices called the sorting houses, one atWestminster, one at Lincoln’s Inn, St.Paul’s office, in Pater noster row, St. MaryOvery’s in Southwark, and the Tower hilloffice: besides these there are 500shops and coffee-houses, from whence themessengers collect and carry the letters totheir proper offices every hour, where beingsorted, they are sent out again to bedelivered. But as each of the six officeshas a number of villages under its peculiardirection, those letters that require greatspeed should be sent to that office, whosepeculiar province it is to forward them tothe village to which you would have themsent. This renders it necessary to give a171list of these villages and places, peculiarlyunder the care of each office: but weshall not attempt to follow the otherwriters, who have prefixed to the namesof these villages the number of times towhich letters are carried to, and returnedfrom each; because that is entirely uncertain,and it is sufficient that letters arecarried and returned from each at leastonce a day; since this is all that can bedepended upon.

In the map we have given of the environsround London, the extent andlimits of the Penny Post are shewn by acircular coloured line drawn round thecity.

The chief office in St. Christopher’salley, Threadneedle street, to which belong,one sorter, two subsorters, twentymessengers, and seventy-three receivinghouses. This office collects, receives,conveys, and delivers letters to and fromthe following places, besides what it deliversin its own proper district in London.

St. Paul’s office is kept in Queen’s headalley, in Pater noster row, which collects,receives, conveys and delivers letters toand from the following and adjacent places,besides what it delivers within its properdistrict in London.

The Temple office is kept in Chichester’srents in Chancery lane, which collects,receives, conveys and delivers lettersand parcels to and from the followingand adjacent places, besides what itdelivers within its own proper district intown.

Westminster office is kept in Pumpcourt near Charing cross, which collects,receives, conveys and delivers letters andparcels to and from the following andadjacent places, besides what it deliverswithin its own proper district in town.

Southwark office is kept in Green dragoncourt, near St. Mary Overy’s church,which collects, receives, conveys and deliversletters and parcels to and from the following176and adjacent places, besides what itdelivers within its own proper district inSouthwark and London.

Hermitage office is kept in Queenstreet on Little Tower hill, which collects,receives, conveys and delivers lettersand parcels to and from the followingand adjacent places, besides what itdelivers within its own proper district intown.

Several of the country messengers, and othersfor remote places, going on their walksby six o’clock in the morning, letters andparcels ought to be put in at the receivinghouses before six o’clock over-night;otherwise a whole day may be lost in thedelivery: but letters for places that are178nearer, are generally collected and deliveredtwo or three times a day.

All general post letters, both foreignand domestic, directed to the placesabove mentioned, not being post towns,are conveyed from the aforesaid officesevery day at twelve o’clock; and answersbeing put into the receiving houses in thecountry towns, will next night be safelycarried to the General Post office, by theofficers appointed for that purpose.

Pensioners alley, King street, Westminster.

Pepper alley, 1. by the Bridge Foot, in theBorough. 2. Down’s street, Hyde Parkroad. 3. Goswell street.

Pepper alley stairs, the next stairs above thebridge, in Southwark.

Pepper street, Duke street, in the Mint.

Perkin’s rents, Peter street, Soho.†

Perkin’s yard, Blackman street.†

Perriwinkle street, Ratcliff cross.

Perston’s yard, in the Minories.†

Pesthouse fields, by Pesthouse row, Oldstreet.

Pesthouse row, adjoining to the Frenchhospital in Old street. Here stood, tillthe year 1737, the city Pesthouse, whichconsisted of several tenements, and waserected as a Lazaretto for the reception179of distressed and miserable objects,infected by the dreadful plague in theyear 1665. Maitland.

Peter and Keys court, Peter lane, Cowcross, Smithfield.*

Peterborough court, Fleet street.

St. Peter ad Vincula, situated to thenorth west corner of Northumberlandwalk, at the end of the new armoury, inthe Tower; was founded by King EdwardIII. and dedicated by the name ofSt. Peter in Chains, or St. Peter ad Vincula.This is a plain Gothic buildingvoid of all ornament, sixty-six feet inlength, fifty-four in breadth, and twenty-fourfeet high from the floor to the roof.The walls, which have Gothic windows,are strengthened at the corners with rustic,and crowned with a plain blockingcourse. The tower is plain, and is crownedwith a turret.

The living is a rectory in the gift of theKing, valued at about 60l. a year. TheRector, as Minister of the Tower garrison,is paid by his Majesty; and the livingis exempt from archiepiscopal jurisdiction.

Among the several monuments in thischurch is a grave stone, under whichlies buried Mr. James Whittaker, his wife180and children; and upon that stone are thefollowing lines.

In this church lie the ashes of manynoble, and some royal personages, executedeither in the Tower, or on the hill,and deposited here in obscurity; particularly,

George Bullen, Lord Rochford, whowas beheaded on Tower hill on the 17thof May, 1536.

Anne Bullen, wife to King Henry VIII.beheaded two days after, on a scaffolderected on the green, within the Tower.

Thomas Cromwell, Earl of Essex,who from a blacksmith’s son at Putney,became the favourite of Henry VIII. andone of the most zealous promoters of thereformation from popery; but was beheadedon Tower hill in the year 1540.

Catharine Howard, the fifth wife ofKing Henry VIII. beheaded on Towerhill on the 13th of February, 1541.

Edward Seymour, Duke of Somerset,beheaded on Tower hill, on the 24th ofJune, 1552.

181John Dudley, Duke of Northumberland,who lost his head at the same place,on the 22d of Aug. 1553.

Under the communion table, lies thebody of James Duke of Monmouth, thenatural son of King Charles II. beheadedfor asserting his right to the crown, in oppositionto James II. on the 15th of July,1683.

St. Peter’s alley, by St. Peter’s church,Cornhill.

St. Peter’s Cheap, a church, which stoodat the corner of Wood street Cheapside,in Faringdon ward within, but being destroyedby the fire of London in 1666, theparish was united to St. Matthew, Fridaystreet.

St. Peter’s Cornhill, a plain neat church,near the south east corner of Cornhill, inthe ward of that name. There has beenmany ages a church in the same place,under the patronage of the same apostle:but the last edifice was destroyed by thefire of London, and this substantial structurerose in its place. The body is eightyfeet long, and forty-seven broad; it isforty feet high to the roof, and the heightof the steeple is an hundred and forty feet.The body is plain, and enlightened by asingle series of windows. The tower,which is also plain, has a small window182in each stage, and the dome which supportsthe spire is of the lantern kind; thisspire, which is well proportioned, iscrowned by a ball, whence rises thefane, in the form of a key.

The patronage of this rectory is in theLord Mayor and Commonalty of this city.The Rector receives, besides other profits,120l. a year by glebe, and 110l. a year inlieu of tithes.

St. Peter le Poor, on the west side ofBroad street, in the ward of that name, issupposed by Maitland, to have receivedits additional epithet le Poor, from themean condition of the parish in ancienttimes: tho’ it is now extremely wealthy,it being inhabited by a great number ofmerchants, and other persons of distinction.

Others imagine that it was called lePoor, from the neighbouring friary of St.Austin, where reigned an affected poverty.A church stood upon the same spotbefore the year 1181, and the presentedifice which escaped the fire in 1666,is supposed to have been built about theyear 1540.

This Gothic structure, instead of beingan ornament to the street in which it isplaced, as all public buildings ought tobe, is a very great deformity; the building183itself is mean, one of its corners beingthrust as it were into the street, rendersit narrow, obstructs the passage, anddestroys the vista. This structure is ofvery considerable breadth in proportion toits length; it being fifty-four feet long,and fifty-one broad: the height to theroof is twenty-three feet, and that ofthe tower and turret seventy-five. Thebody is plain and unornamented; thewindows are very large; and the dial isfixed to a beam that is joined on one endto a kind of turret, and extends like acountry sign post, across the street; avery rude and aukward contrivance. Thetower, which rises square, without diminution,is strengthened at the cornerswith rustic; upon this is placed a turret,which consists of strong piers at the cornersarched over, and covered with anopen dome, whence rises a ball andfane.

The advowson of this church appearsto have been all along in the Dean andChapter of St. Paul’s. The tithes at presentamount to 130l. a year; and theother profits by annual donations settledupon the Rector, amount to about as muchmore.

Peter’s court, 1. Ironmonger row. 2. St.184Martin’s lane, Charing cross. 3. Peter lane.4. Rosemary lane.

Peter’s hill, 1. Knightrider street. 2. Saffronhill.

St. Peter’s hill, Thames street, so calledfrom the following church.

Peter’s Key alley, Cow cross, Smithfield.

Peter’s lane, St. John street, Smithfield.

St. Peter’s Paul’s wharf, stood at the southeast corner of St. Peter’s hill, in Thamesstreet, in Queenhithe ward, and was ancientlydenominated St. Peter’s Parva, orthe Little, from its small dimensions. Thischurch being destroyed with most of theothers, by the fire of London, and not rebuilt,its parish is annexed to the churchof St. Bennet Paul’s wharf.

Peter’s street, 1. Bandy leg walk, Deadman’splace. 2. Bloomsbury. 3. Halfmoonalley, Bishopsgate street. 4. In theMint. 5. Stratton’s ground, Westminster.6. Turnmill street, Cow cross. 7. Verestreet, Claremarket. 8. Soho. 9. Westminster.

St. Peter’s Westminster. See the articleAbbey Church of Westminster.

St. Peter’s yard, 1. Deadman’s place,Southwark. 2. In the Minories.

Petersham, a small village in Surry, near the185New Park, and a little to the south ofRichmond hill. Here stood a delightfulseat built by the late Earl of Rochester,Lord High Treasurer in the reign of KingJames II. This fine house was burntdown in the year 1720, so suddenly thatthe family, who were all at home, hadscarcely time to save their lives. Nor wasthe house, tho’ exquisitely finished bothwithin and without, the greatest loss sustained;the noble furniture, the curiouscollection of paintings, and the inestimablelibrary of the first Earl of Clarendon,Lord High Chancellor of England, andauthor of the History of the Rebellion,were wholly consumed; and among othervaluable pieces, several manuscripts relatingto those times, and to the transactionsin which the King his Master, andhimself were engaged both at home andabroad; besides other curious collectionsmade by that noble Author in foreigncountries.

On the ground where his house stood,the Earl of Harrington erected another,after one of the Earl of Burlington’s designs.The front next the court is veryplain, and the entrance to the house notvery extraordinary: but the south frontnext the garden, is bold and regular, andthe apartments on that side, chiefly186designed for state, are extremely elegant.

The gardens were before crowdedwith plantations near the house; but theyare now laid open in lawns of grass: thekitchen garden, before situated on theeast side of the house, is removed out ofsight, and the ground converted to anopen slope of grass, leading up to a terraceof great length; from which is aprospect of the river Thames, the townof Twickenham, and of all the fine seatsround that part of the country. On theother side of the terrace, is a plantationon a rising ground; and on the summitof the hill is a fine pleasure house, whichon every side commands a prospect of thecountry for many miles.

Petticoat lane, extends from Whitechapelinto Spitalfields. On both sidesof this lane were anciently hedges, androws of elm trees, and the pleasantness ofthe neighbouring fields induced severalgentlemen to build their houses here, amongwhom was the Spanish ambassador, whomStrype supposes to be Gondomar: butat length many French refugees settlingin that part of the lane near Spitalfieldsin order to follow their trades, which ingeneral was weaving of silk, it soon becamea row of contiguous buildings.187This lane is very long and very disagreeable,both on account of its nastiness andoffensive smells, it being the chief residenceof the horners, who preparehorns for other petty manufacturers.

Petticoat square, Petticoat lane.

Petty Bag Office, next the Rolls chapel,Chancery lane. The clerks in this office,who are three in number, are under theMaster of the Rolls, and make all patentsfor customers, comptrollers, andcongé d’elires: they also summon the Nobility,Clergy, Knights, Citizens, andBurgesses to parliament, &c. This officetakes its name from each recordbeing there put into a little bag.

Petty Canons of St. Paul’s. See the articleCanons.

Petty Canons alley, St. Paul’s Churchyard.

Petty France, Tothill street, Westminster;thus named from its being atfirst inhabited by the people of thatnation.

Petty France alley, Old Bethlem; so calledfrom Petty France there, now calledNew Broad street, which was originallyinhabited chiefly by the French.

Petty Wales yard, Halfmoon alley.

Petty’s court, Hanoway street, Tottenhamcourt road.†

188Pewterers, a company incorporated byletters patent, granted by King EdwardIV. in 1474.

In the year 1534, the Wardens of thePewterers company, or their deputies,were impowered by act of parliament tohave the inspection of pewter in all partsof the kingdom, in order to prevent thesale of the base pewter, and the importationof pewter vessels from abroad. As afarther encouragement, all Englishmen areby that act strictly enjoined, not to repairto any foreign country to teach the art ormystery of pewterers, on pain of disfranchisem*nt:and for the more effectuallypreventing the art being carried abroad,no Pewterer is to take the son of an alien asan apprentice.

This corporation has a Master, twoWardens, twenty-eight Assistants, andseventy-eight Liverymen, who on theiradmission pay 20l.

Their hall is in Lime street, almostfacing the west end of Cullum street.

Pewter Platter alley, Grace churchstreet.*

Pheasant court, Cow lane, Snow hill.*

Pheasant co*ck court, Angel alley, Houndsditch.*

Phenix alley, Long Acre.*

Phenix court, 1. Butcher row.* 2. High189Holborn.* 3. Newgate street.* 4. OldChange, Cheapside.*

Phenix street, 1. Dyot street, St. Giles’s.*2. Hog lane, St. Giles’s.* 3. Monmouthstreet, Spitalfields.*

Phenix yard, Oxford street.*

Philip lane, London wall.*

Philip’s court, Grub street.†

Philip’s rents, 1. Lincoln’s Inn Fields.† 2.Maze pond street, Southwark.†

Philip’s yard, Still alley, Houndsditch.†

Philpot lane, Fenchurch street.†

Phips’s alley, Shoreditch.†

Physicians. There was no legal restrainton the practice of physic, till the thirdyear of King Henry VIII. when it wasenacted that none should practise physicor surgery within the city of London, ofseven miles round, unless he were firstexamined, and approved by the Bishopof London, or the Dean of St. Paul’s,(who should call to his assistance fourDoctors of physic, and for surgery, otherexpert persons in that faculty) upon painof forfeiting 5l. for every month such personsshould practise physic or surgery,without being thus admitted.

Seven years after this law, the Physicianswere incorporated into a college orsociety; allowed a common seal, and thepower of annually chusing a President, to190govern all of that faculty: they were permittedto purchase lands and tenements, and tomake statutes and ordinances for the governmentand correction of the college,and of all persons practising physic withinseven miles of the city: it was also enactedthat none, either within the city, or thatcompass, should practise, unless first allowedby the President and the Fellows, uponpain of forfeiting 5l. for every month: thatfour persons be chosen annually for the examinationand government of all the Physiciansof the city, and suburbs within sevenmiles round, and to punish them for theiroffences in not performing, making, andneglecting their medicines and receipts, byfines and imprisonments: and that neitherthe President, nor any of the membersof the college, should be summoned uponjuries, &c.

At their first institution there were butthirty Fellows belonging to the college;but at their request, King Charles II.augmented their number to forty; andKing James II. considering the great increase ofthis city in its buildings and inhabitants,was pleased to increase the numberto eighty, which they were not to exceed.Before this last charter, none could be admitteda Fellow of the college, if he hadnot taken his degree of Doctor in one of191the universities; but now all who havetaken their degree in any foreign university,are qualified to become Fellows.

The college has still great power inobstructing the practise of those who arenot of their body; yet by connivance orfavour, others practise physic; tho’ bylaw, if any one not so qualified, undertakesa cure, and his patient dies underhis hand, he is deemed guilty offelony.

To this college belong a President, fourCensors, and twelve Electors. The Presidentis the principal member, and is annuallychosen out of the society.

The four Censors have, by charter,authority to survey, correct and governall Physicians, or others, that shall practisewithin their jurisdiction, and to fineand imprison for offences as they shall seecause. They may convene any Physicianor practitioner before them, and examinehim concerning his skill in physic, andif he does not appear to their summons,or upon his appearance refuses toanswer, he may be fined for every default,any sum not exceeding forty shillings;or if any administer unwholsomeand noxious medicines, he may be finedaccording to discretion, net exceeding 10l.or imprisoned, not exceeding fourteen192days, unless for nonpayment of the fine,when it shall be lawful to detain him inprison until it be paid.

College of Physicians. This society hadtheir first college in Knightrider street,which was the gift of Dr. Linacre, Physicianto King Henry VIII. from whencethey afterwards removed to Amen Corner,where they had purchased an house.Here the great Dr. Harvey, who immortalizedhis name by discovering the circulationof the blood, built them a libraryand public hall in the year 1652, whichhe granted for ever to the college, withhis library, and endowed it with hisestate, which he resigned to them whileliving, assigning a part of it for an anniversaryoration, in commemoration of theirbenefactors, and to promote a spirit ofemulation in succeeding generations.However, this edifice being consumed bythe fire of London, and the ground beingonly upon lease, the Fellows erected thepresent structure.

The College of Physicians is a verynoble edifice, situated near the north westcorner of Warwick lane. It is built withbrick and stone.

The entrance, which is grand, isunder an octangular theatre, finishingin a dome, with a cone on the top,193making a lantern to it. The inside iselegant, finely enlightened and very capacious.This was built by Sir ChristopherWren. The arches represented in theprint are under the theatre thro’ whichyou enter the area. The central building,which is well worthy of observation, is thedesign of Inigo Jones, and contains thelibrary and other rooms of state and convenience.The ascent to the door is bya flight of steps, and in the under part isa basem*nt story. The whole front is decoratedwith pilasters of the Ionic andCorinthian orders; and on one side overthe door case, is the statue of KingCharles II. placed in a niche, and in theother side that of Sir John Cutler. Thebuildings at the two sides of the court areuniform, and have the window caseshandsomely ornamented. The ordersare well executed, and the whole edificeboth beautiful and commodious.

The College of Physicians is a buildingof great delicacy, and eminently deservesto be considered among the noblestornaments of this city, is yet so unluckyin its situation, in a narrow and dirty partof the lane, that it can never be seen toadvantage.

There is here a hall, in which thePhysicians sit to give advice to the poor194gratis; a committee room; a library,furnished with books by Sir TheodoreMayerne and the Marquis of Dorchester,who was one of the Fellows; a great hallfor the quarterly meetings of the Doctors,adorned with pictures and sculpture; atheatre for anatomical dissection; a preparingroom, where there are thirteentables, containing all the muscles in thehuman body; and over all garrets to drythe herbs for the use of the dispensatory.

Piccadilly, Haymarket. There wereformerly no houses in this street, and onlyone shop for Spanish ruffs, which wascalled the Piccadilly or Ruff shop. Atpresent there are several noble houses init. See Devonshire House, BurlingtonHouse. The last house built inPiccadilly is the Earl of Egremont’s. Itis of stone, and tho’ not much adorned, iselegant and well situated for a town house,having a fine view over the Green Park,which would be still more extended if thehouses on each side were set farther back.

Pickax street, Aldersgate street.

Pickering’s court, St. James’s street.†

Pickleherring stairs, Pickleherring street,Southwark.

Pickleherring street, near Horselydown,Southwark.

Picture yard, Back lane, near Rag Fair.

195Pie-corner, Giltspur street, Smithfield.

Piepowder court, a court of record incidentto a fair, as a court baron is to amanor; it is derived from the French piépoudre, and is said to be so called from itsexpeditious proceedings in the decisionof all controversies that happen in fairs;since for the encouragement of all traders,justice is supposed to be as quickly administeredas dust can fall from the feet.co*ke’s Institutes.

During the time of Bartholomew fair,this court is held in Cloth fair by the cityof London and Mr. Edwards, for hearingand determining all differences committedagainst the tenor of the proclamation madeby the Lord Mayor, on the eve of old St.Bartholomew, for the better regulation ofthat fair.

Pierpoint’s rents, Islington.†

Pierpoint’s row, Islington.†

Pig court, St. Catharine’s lane.*

Pig street, extends from Threadneedlestreet to Broad street.

Pillory lane, 1. Butcher row. 2. Fenchurchstreet.

Pin alley, near Rosemary lane.

Pinder’s alley, Shoreditch.†

Pinder’s court, Gray’s Inn lane.†

Pineapple court, Woolpack alley, Houndsditch.*

196Pinners, or Pinmakers, a company incorporatedby letters patent granted byKing Charles I. in the year 1636.

They consist of a Master, two Wardens,and eighteen Assistants; but haveno livery.

Their hall is situated near the southeastcorner of Great Winchester street, Broadstreet: and is most noted for being let outfor a meeting of Independents, who meetthere every Sunday morning. This is theonly Independent meeting in London,where the audience are not Calvinists. Inthe afternoon it is a meeting for a congregationof general Baptists.

Pinner’s alley, Shoreditch.

Pinners court, Broad street, leading toPinners hall.

Pipe alley, Broad way, Westminster.

Pipemakers alley, 1. Great St. Anne’s lane.2. Whitecross street, Cripplegate.

Pipe Office, in Gray’s Inn lane, an officeof the Treasury, in which all accountsand debts due to the King are drawn outof the Remembrancer’s office, andcharged in a great roll made up like apipe.

The chief officers are, the Clerk of thePipe, and the Comptroller of the Pipe.The former makes leases of the King’slands, on his being warranted so to do bythe Lords Commissioners of the Treasury,197or the Chancellor of the Exchequer:and these leases are sometimes directedto be made under the Great Seal, butfor the most part pass the Exchequer: hehas under him a Deputy, and eight Attornies,the two first of whom are Secondaries.

All accounts that pass the Remembrancer’soffice, are brought to the office ofthe Clerk of the Pipe, and remain there,to the end if there be any determined debtdue by any accomptant or other person,in any such account, it may be inserted inthe great roll or the pipes thereof, andtaken verbatim by the Comptroller of thePipe into his roll, and process may bemade by him for the recovery thereofby a writ called the Summons of the Pipe,which is in the nature of a levari facias.

All tallies that vouch the paymentscontained in such accounts, are examinedand allowed by the Chief Secondary in thePipe, and remain for ever after in thisoffice.

The Comptroller of the Pipe writes inhis roll all that is in the great roll; andnothing entered in the great roll can bedischarged without his privity. He alsowrites out the summons twice everyyear to the sheriffs, to levy the debtscharged in the great roll of the pipe.198Chamberlain’s Present State. He hasunder him a Deputy Comptroller, and aClerk.

Pipe yard, Bristol street, Puddle dock.

Piper’s ground, College street.

Pissing alley, St. John’s street, Smithfield.‖

Pitcher’s court, White’s alley, Colemanstreet.†

Pitfield street, Hoxton.†

Pitman’s alley, Gardener’s lane, Westminster.†

Plaisterers, a company incorporated byletters patent, granted by King HenryVIII. in the year 1501, and confirmedby a charter granted by Charles II. in1667, by the name of The Master, andWardens of the guild or fraternity of theblessed Mary, of Plaisterers, London.

This company is governed by a Master,two Wardens, and thirty-two Assistants,and has seventy-seven Liverymen,who upon their admission pay a fine of8l. They have a neat hall on the northwest side of Addle street.

Plaistow, a village in Essex, in the parishof West Ham.

Plaistow, a village near Bromley inKent.

Plantation Office in the treasury. See199the article Trade and PlantationOffice.

Playhouse passage, 1. Bow street; leadingto Covent Garden playhouse. 2.Drury lane, leading to the playhousethere.

Playhouse yard, 1. Black Friars, wherea playhouse was formerly situated. 2.Whitecross street, Old street, where, accordingto Maitland, the first playhousein London was erected; on the east sideof that yard are still to be seen the ruinsof the theatre.

Clerk of the Pleas Office, in Lincoln’sInn. In this office all the officers of theExchequer, and other privileged persons,as debtors to the King, &c. are to have theirprivilege to plead, and be impleaded as to allmatters at the common law: and the proceedingsare accordingly by declarations,pleas, and trials as at the common law;because they should not be drawn out oftheir own court, where their attendanceis required. In this office are four swornAttornies. Chamberlain’s Present State.

Common Pleas. See Court of CommonPleas.

Plough alley, 1. Bankside, Southwark.* 2.Barbican.* 3. Carey street, Lincoln’sInn Fields.* 4. Wapping.

200Plough court, 1. Fetter lane. 2. Gray’sInn lane.* 3. Lombard street.*

Plough and Harrow walk, Nag’s HeadBuildings, Hackney road.*

Ploughman’s rents, 1. Cow cross, nearSmithfield.† 2. Turnmill street.†

Plough street, Whitechapel.*

Plough yard, 1. Barnaby street, Southwark.*2. Brown’s gardens, St. Giles’s.* 3. Holbornhill.* 4. Harrow yard, Green bank.*5. Seething lane, Tower street.* 6. Towerditch.*

Plough yard School, in Plough yard,Seething lane, was founded by JamesHickson, Esq; about the year 1689, forthe education of twenty boys; for the instructionof whom he allowed the headMaster 20l. per annum, a dwelling house,and two chaldrons of coals yearly; and toa Writing Master 8l. a year. Fourteen ofthe children are to be of the parish ofAllhallows, Barking, and six of the hamletof Wapping. Maitland.

Plumbers, a company incorporated byletters patent granted by King James I. inthe year 1611. This corporation is governedby a Master, two Wardens, andtwenty-four Assistants; with a livery offifty-seven members, who upon theiradmission pay a fine of 10l. They have a201small hall in Chequer yard, Dowgate hill.Maitland.

Plumber’s court, High Holborn.†

Plumtree court, Plumtree street, Shoelane.†

Plumtree square, Plumtree street, St.Giles’s.

Plumtree street, 1. St. Giles’s. 2. Shoelane.†

Poland court, Poland street.

Poland street, Oxford street.

Poland yard, Oxford street.

Pollin’s street, Hanover street.

The Pond yard, Bankside, Southwark.

Poor Jewry lane, Aldgate; so called fromits being inhabited by the Jews, on theirreturn to England, after being expelledthe kingdom by Edward I. See OldJewry.

Pope’s Head alley, 1. Broad street.* 2. Aneat passage from Cornhill into Lombardstreet, next to ‘Change alley.*

Pope’s Head court, in the Minories.*

Popish Chapels, of these there are but fewin the city of London; for as Popery is esteemedinconsistent with the liberties of afree people, they are therefore in a mannerconfined to the ambassadors, whokeep them open for those of their own religion.These are,

Poplar, a hamlet of Stepney, is situatedon the Thames to the east of Limehouse,and obtained its name from the greatnumber of poplar trees that ancientlygrew there. The chapel of Poplar waserected in the year 1654, when theground upon which it was built, togetherwith the church yard, were given by theEast India company, and the edificeerected by the voluntary contributions ofthe inhabitants and others; since whichtime that Company has not only allowedthe Minister a convenient dwelling house,with a garden and field containing aboutthree acres, but has allowed him 20l.per annum during pleasure; wherefore thischapel for want of an endowment continuesunconsecrated.

Poplar Marsh, called the Isle of Dogs,from the great noise made by the King’shounds that were kept there during theresidence of the royal family at Greenwich,is rather an isthmus than an island,203and is reckoned one of the richest spots ofground in England; for it not only raisesthe largest cattle, but the grass it bearsis esteemed a great restorative of all distemperedcattle.

Here are two almshouses besides an hospitalbelonging to the East India company.

Popler’s alley, Greenbank.†

Poppet court, Shoe lane, Fleet street.

Popping’s alley, Fleet street.†

Popping’s court, Popping’s alley, Fleetstreet.†

Porridge pot alley, Aldersgate street.*

Porters. The London porters are dividedinto brotherhoods, and consist of foursorts, viz. Companies porters, Fellowshipporters, Ticket porters, and Tackleporters.

I. The companies porters land and shipoff all goods and merchandizes exportedand imported to and from all parts nearthe west side of the Sound, in the Balticsea, Germany, Holland, France, Spain,Italy, Turkey, and towards or beyond theCape of Good Hope.

II. Fellowship porters, whose businessis to land, ship off, carry or house, allmerchandize, as corn, salt, coals, and othercommodities, measurable by dry measure.They are upward of 700 in number, andtheir chief governor is the Alderman of204Billingsgate ward. Their quarterage is12d. whereas the Ticket porters pay but4d. each.

There is a very remarkable customamong the Fellowship porters, which isas follows, viz.

By an act of Common Council, a sermonis preached to them, in the parish churchof St. Mary at Hill, the next Sundayafter every Midsummer day; when overnightthey furnish the merchants and familiesabout Billingsgate with nosegays,and in the morning they proceed fromtheir place of meeting in good order, eachhaving a nosegay in his hand: walkingthrough the middle isle to the communiontable, every one offers something into thetwo basons, for the relief of the poor, andtowards the charges of the day; and afterthey have passed, the deputy, the merchants,their wives, children, and servantswalk in order from their seats, andbestow their offerings also; which is aceremony of much variety. The chargesof their nosegays have amounted sometimesto near 20l. in one year.

III. The Ticket porters land and shipoff goods imported or exported to all partsof America, &c. and house all merchantsgoods, metals, &c. They giveample security for their fidelity and205honesty, and such as employ them needonly take notice of their names stampedon a ticket that hangs at their girdles;that upon complaint being made to theirGovernor, satisfaction may be given tosuch as have been injured by them.

IV. Tackle porters are such of theTicket porters as are furnished withweights, scales, &c. and their business isto weigh goods.

Rates taken by Porters for shipping, landing,houseing and weighing.

Sugar the hogshead, 3d.—For weighing4d.

Sugar the tierce or barrel, 2d.—Forweighing 3d.

Sugar the butt, 6d.—For weighing8d.

Cotton, wool, the bag, 3d.—The samefor weighing.

Ginger, the bag, 1d.—The same forweighing.

Melasses, the hogshead, 3d.—Forweighing 4d.

Logwood, the ton, 1s.—The same forweighing.

Fustick, the ton, 1s.—The same forweighing.

206Young fustick, the ton, 1s. 6d.—Thesame for weighing.

Lignum rhodium, the ton, 1s. 6d.—Thesame for weighing.

Lignum vitæ, the ton, 1s.—The samefor weighing.

Tobacco, the hogshead, 2d.—The samefor weighing.

Tobacco, the bundle, 1d.—The samefor weighing.

Danish, or Swedish iron, the ton, 1s.—Thesame for weighing.

Narva and Riga hemp, the bundle, 6d.—Thesame for weighing.

Any porter has the liberty of bringinggoods into London; but may not carry anyout of the city, or from one part of it toanother, unless he be a freeman; otherwisehe is liable to be arrested.

Porters alley, Basinghall street.

Porters block, Smithfield bars.

Porter’s court, Basinghall street.†

Porter’s field, Porter’s street.†

Porters key, Thames street.

Porter’s street, 1. Blossom’s street.† 2.Newport market.†

Porter’s yard, 1. Holiwell lane, Shoreditch.†2. Whitecross street, Cripplegate.†

Portland street, Oxford street.

207Portpool lane, extends from Gray’s Innlane to Leather lane.

Portsmouth corner, Lincoln’s Inn Fields.

Portsoken Ward. The word Portsoken,according to Maitland, signifies a franchiseat the gate: this ward is thereforesituated entirely without Aldgate, andcontains all Whitechapel as far as the bars;Petticoat lane, Houndsditch and the Minories.It is bounded on the east, by theparishes of Spitalfields, Stepney, and St.George’s in the east; on the south byTower hill; on the west by Aldgate ward,from which it is separated by the citywall; and on the north by Bishopsgateward.

Its principal streets are, Whitechapelup to the bars, the Minories, and Houndsditch;and its most remarkable buildings,the parish churches of St. Botolph’s Aldgate,and Trinity Minories,

This ward is governed by an Aldermanand five Common Council men, includingthe Alderman’s Deputy; twenty-two inquestmen, five scavengers, five constables,and a beadle. The jurors returned by thewardmote inquest serve in the severalcourts of Guildhall in the month of January.Maitland.

Portugal row, 1. St James’s street. 2.Lincoln’s Inn Fields.

208Portugal street, 1. Piccadilly. 2. Searle’sstreet, Carey street.

General Post Office, a handsome andcommodious building near the south westextremity of Lombard street, facing Pope’sHead alley.

Of what antiquity the post is in thiskingdom, is not easy to determine. Ancientlythe management of the foreignmails was under the direction of a stranger,who by the permission of the governmentwas chosen by the foreigners dwellingin this city, who even pretended tohave a right by prescription of chusingtheir own post master. However, in theyear 1568 a difference arising between theSpaniards and Flemings in London, eachchose their separate post master; and thiscontest occasioned a representation fromthe citizens to the Privy Council, to beseechher Majesty Queen Elizabeth, to fillthat important post with one of her Englishsubjects.

By the first accounts we find of theposts established for the convenience ofthis kingdom, it appears to have beenmanaged by several private officers, whohad their respective districts. But greatinconveniences arising from their differentmethods of proceeding, they were suppressed,and a certain number of public209officers erected in their room: but thesealso not answering the end proposed, aGeneral Post Office was erected by act ofparliament in the 12th of King Charles II.in the year 1660, to be kept withinthe city of London, under the directionof a Post Master appointed by theKing.

By this act the General Post Master wasimpowered to appoint post houses in theseveral parts of the country hitherto unprovided,both in post and by-roads: thepostage of letters to and from all placestherein mentioned was not only ascertained,but likewise the rates of posthorses to be paid by all such as should ridepost.

At length, upon the union of thekingdoms of England and Scotland, aGeneral Post Office was established by actof parliament in the year 1710, not onlyfor the united kingdom of Great Britain,but likewise for that of Ireland, and herMajesty’s plantations in North Americaand the West Indies.

The office of Post Master is at presentunder the direction of two Commissionerswho have 2000l. per annum, and are assistedby a Secretary of 200l. a year, whohas four Clerks, two of 60l. a year, one of50l. and one of 30l.

210The other officers under the directionof the Post Master General are, a ReceiverGeneral, who has 300l. per annum, underwhom are two clerks, who have 50l. ayear each.

An Accomptant General who has 300l.per annum, and has a Deputy of 90l. ayear, and three Clerks who have 50l. ayear each.

A Comptroller of the inland officewho has 200l. a year, and has a Deputyof 90l. a year. A Solicitor to the postoffice who has 200l. a year; a ResidentSurveyor, who has 300l. a year; and twoInspectors of the mis-sent letters who have100l. a year each.

Six Clerks of the roads, viz. Chester,100l. per annum; Assistant, 60l. West,60l. and Assistant, 60l. North, 60l. ayear, and Assistant, 60l. Bristol, 60l. ayear, and Assistant 60l. Yarmouth, 60l. ayear, and Assistant, 60l. Kent, 60l. ayear, and Assistant, 50l. Notwithstandingthe smallness of these salaries; the perquisiteof franking news papers, &c. intothe country renders the profits of the Clerksof the roads very considerable.

A Court Post who has 2l. a day; and adeliverer of the letters to the House ofCommons, who has 6s. 8d. a day.

There is also a Clerk of the by-nights,211who has 60l. a year, and his Assistant,60l. Ten sorters, seven of whom have50l. a year, and three 40l. a year each,seven, supernumerary sorters, three at 30l.and four at 25l. each. A window manand alphabet keeper, who has 60l. a year;and several other officers and servants, amongwhom are sixty-seven letter carriersat 11s. a week.

In the foreign office is a Comptroller,who has 150l. a year; an alphabetkeeper, who has 100l. per annum, a Secretarywho has 50l. a year; and six Clerks,five of whom have 50l. a year each, andone 40l. a year.

Rates for carrying Letters by the Post, toany part of Great Britain and Ireland.

Double letters to be paid twice as much assingle, treble letters three times as much,and the ounce four times as much as singleletters.

Every single letter not exceeding onesheet, to or from any place not exceedingeighty miles, 3d.

Every single letter above eighty miles,4d.

Every single letter from London to Berwick,or from Berwick to London, 4d.

212Every single letter from Berwick to anyplace within forty miles distance, 3d.

Carriage of every single letter a greaterdistance than one hundred and forty miles6d.

The port of every single letter to orfrom Edinburgh, and to and from Dumfriesor co*ckburnsperth, and betweeneither of those places and Edinburgh, notcoming from on ship-board, 6d.

The port of every single letter fromEdinburgh to or from any place withinfifty miles distance in Scotland, 2d.

The port of every single letter a fartherdistance, and not exceeding eighty mileswithin Scotland, 3d.

The port of every single letter aboveeighty miles within Scotland, 4d.

Between Donachaddee in Ireland andPort-Patrick in Scotland for port of lettersand packets (over and above the inlandrates) to be paid at the place wheredelivered; single letter, 2d.

The carriage of every single letter fromEngland to Dublin, in Ireland, or fromDublin into England, 6d.

The carriage of every single letter fromDublin to any place within forty milesdistance, or from any place within thelike distance to Dublin, 2d.

213The carriage of every letter a fartherdistance than forty miles, 4d.

And for the port of all and every theletters and packets directed or broughtfrom on ship-board, over and above thesaid rates, 1d.

The several rates for the carriage ofLetters, Packets, and Parcels; to orfrom any parts or places beyond theseas, are as follow; viz.

Double letters to be paid for twice as muchas single, treble letters three times asmuch, the ounce four times as much asthe single letters.

All letters and packets coming from anypart of France to London. Single 10d.

All letters or packets passing from Londonthrough France, to any part of Spainor Portugal (port paid to Bayonne) andfrom Spain and Portugal through Franceto London, 1s. 6d. single, double 3s.

All letters and packets passing fromLondon through France, to any part ofItaly or Sicily by the way of Lyons, or toany part of Turky, by the way of Marseilles,and from any of those parts thro’France to London. Single 1s. 3d.

214All letters and packets coming from anypart of the Spanish Netherlands to London.Single 10d.

All letters and packets passing fromLondon through the Spanish Netherlandsto any part of Italy or Sicily (port paid toAntwerp), and from any port of Italy orSicily, through the Spanish Netherlandsunto London. Single 1s.

All letters and packets passing fromLondon through the Spanish Netherlandsto any part of Germany, Switzerland, Denmark,Sweden, and all parts of the North,and from any of those parts through theSpanish Netherlands unto London. Single1s.

All letters and packets passing fromLondon through the Spanish Netherlandsto any part of Spain or Portugal; and fromany part of Spain or Portugal, through theSpanish Netherlands to London. Single1s. 6d.

All letters and packets passing fromany part of the United Provinces toLondon. Single 10d.

All letters and packets passing fromLondon through the United Provinces,for any part of Italy or Sicily, and fromany part of Italy or Sicily, through theUnited Provinces, to London. Single1s.

215All letters and packets passing fromLondon through the United Provinces, toany part of Germany, Switzerland, Denmark,Sweden, and all parts of the North;and from any of those parts and places,through the United Provinces, to London.Single 1s.

All letters and packets passing fromLondon through the United Provinces,to any part of Spain or Portugal; andfrom any part of Spain or Portugal,through the United Provinces, to London.Single 1s. 6d.

All letters and packets passing fromLondon through the Spanish Netherlandsor the United Provinces, to Hamburgh(port paid to Antwerp or Amsterdam) andfrom Hamburgh through the Spanish Netherlands,or the United Provinces, toLondon. Single 10d.

All letters and packets passing betweenLondon, Spain, or Portugal, by packetboats. Single 1s. 6d.

All letters and packets passing fromLondon to Jamaica, Barbadoes, Antigua,Montserrat, Nevis, and St. Christopher’s,in America, and from any of those partsto London. Single 1s. 6d.

All letters and packets from Londonto New York, in North America, and fromthence to London. Single 1s.

216All letters and packets from any partof the West Indies, to New York aforesaid.Single 4d.

All letters and packets from New Yorkto any place within sixty Englishmiles thereof, and thence back to NewYork. Single 4d.

All letters and packets from NewYork to Perth Amboy, the chief town inEast New Jersey, and to Bridlington, thechief town in West New Jersey, and fromeach of those places back to New York,and from New York to any place notexceeding one hundred English miles, andfrom each of those places to New York.Single 6d.

All letters and packets from Perth Amboyand Bridlington, to any place notexceeding sixty English miles, and thenceback again. Single 4d.

All letters and packets from Perth Amboyand Bridlington, to any place not exceedingone hundred English miles, andthence back again. Single 6d.

All letters and packets from New Yorkto New London, the chief town in Connecticutin New England, and to Philadelphia,the chief town in Pensilvania,and from those places back to New York.Single 9d.

217All letters and packets from New Londonand Philadelphia, to any place notexceeding sixty English miles, and thenceback again. Single 4d.

All letters and packets from New Yorkand Philadelphia, to any place not exceedingone hundred English miles, and soback again. Single 4d.

All letters and packets from NewYork aforesaid, to Newport the chieftown in Rhode Island, and ProvidencePlantation in New England, and to Boston,the chief town in Massachusett’s bay, inNew England aforesaid; and to Portsmouth,the chief town in New Hampshire,in New England aforesaid; and toAnnapolis, the chief town in Maryland,and from every of those places to NewYork. Single 1s.

All letters and packets from Newport,Boston, Portsmouth, and Annapolis aforesaid,to any place not exceeding sixtyEnglish miles, and thence back again.Single 4d.

All letters and packets from Newport,Boston, Portsmouth, and Annapolis aforesaid,to any place not exceeding one hundredEnglish miles, and thence backagain. Single 6d.

All letters and packets from New York218aforesaid, to the chief offices in Salem andIpswich, and to the chief office in Piscataway,and to Williamsburgh, the chiefoffice in Virginia, and from every of thoseplaces to New York. Single 1s. 3d.

All letters and packets from the chiefoffices in Salem, Ipswich, and Piscataway,and Williamsburgh aforesaid, to any placenot exceeding sixty English miles, andthence back again. Single 4d.

All letters and packets from the chiefoffices in Salem, Ipswich, Piscataway,and Williamsburgh aforesaid, not exceedingone hundred English miles, and thenceback again. Single 6d.

All letters and packets from NewYork aforesaid, to Charles Town, thechief town in North and South Carolina,and from Charles Town aforesaid to NewYork. Single 1s. 6d.

All letters and packets from CharlesTown aforesaid, to any place not exceedingsixty English miles, and thence backagain. Single 4d.

All letters and packets from CharlesTown aforesaid, to any place not exceedingone hundred English miles, andthence back again. Single 6d.

Bags for the following towns are dispatchedMondays, Tuesdays, Thursdays,and Saturdays; and the returns are deliveredMondays, Wednesdays, Thursdays,and Saturdays; Arundel, Brighthelmston,Chichester, East Grinstead, Godalmin,Haslemere, Lewes, Midhurst, Petworth,Ryegate, Steyning, Shoreham.

On Mondays.] To France, Spain, Italy,Germany, Flanders, Sweden, Denmark.

On Tuesdays.] To Holland, Germany,Sweden, Denmark, Ireland, Scotland, andall parts of England and Wales.

N.B. One Tuesday the packet goes toLisbon, and the next Tuesday to theGroyn, and so on.

On Thursdays.] To France, Spain,Italy, and all parts of England and Scotland.

On Fridays.] To Flanders, Germany,Italy, Sweden, Denmark, Holland.

On Saturdays.] To all parts of England,Wales, Scotland, and Ireland.

Letters are returned from all parts of222England and Scotland certainly, everyMonday, Wednesday and Friday; andfrom Wales every Monday and Friday.But their coming from foreign parts ismore uncertain on account of the seas.

Post Office court, a small but neat courtin Lombard street, in which is the postoffice.

Postern passage, Shoemaker row.

Postern, Bakers row.

Postern Gate, an ancient gate whichstood at the east end of Postern row onTower hill. It was erected soon after theConquest in a beautiful manner withstones brought from Kent and Normandy,for the convenience of the neighbouringinhabitants, both within and without thewalls; but in the second year of the reignof Richard I. William Longchamp, Bishopof Ely, and Chancellor of England, havingresolved to enlarge and strengthen theTower of London with an additionalfortification, he caused a part of the citywall, which extended about 300 feet fromthe Tower to this gate, to be taken down,in order to make way for a strong wall anda spacious ditch: by which means thepostern being deprived of its support onthat side, fell down in the year 1440. Itwas afterwards replaced by a mean buildingof timber, laths and loam, with a223narrow passage; but this also decayed,and has been many years removedquite away; nothing remaining atpresent to preserve the name, but a fewposts to guard a narrow foot way fromthe encroachments of horses and carriages.

A little to the south of the place wherethe gate stood, is a descent by several stonesteps to an excellent spring, much admired,which is still called the PosternSpring.

Postern row, a row of houses on Towerhill, leading from the place where thepostern gate formerly stood.

Potters fields, 1. Back lane, Southwark.2. Pickleherring lane.

Pottlepot alley, St. Catharine’s by theTower.*

Poverty lane, Brook street.‖

Poultney court, Cambridge street.

Poulton’s court, near Broad street.†

Poulterers, a company incorporated byletters patent granted by Henry VII. inthe year 1504.

They have a Master, two Wardens,twenty-three Assistants, and a liveryof an hundred and six members, who ontheir admission pay a fine of 20l. butthey have no hall.

Poultry, a street which extends from theMansion house to Cheapside, and was sodenominated from the Poulterers stalls224which anciently extended along thatstreet from Stocks market. Maitland. SeeScalding alley.

Poultry Compter, one of the cityprisons, so denominated from its use andsituation: for this prison belonging to oneof the Sheriffs, Maitland supposes, mightpossibly be named the Compter, from theprisoners being obliged to account for thecause of their commitment before theirdischarge: and the addition of Poultry isadded from its situation in that street, todistinguish it from the Compter in Woodstreet.

For an account of the several officersbelonging to the two Compters, see thearticle Compter.

Powdered Beef court, Cabbage lane.

Powell’s alley, Chiswell street, Moorfields.†

Powell’s court, Queen street.†

Powell’s yard, Upper Ground street,Southwark.†

Prat’s wharf, Millbank, WestminsterHorseferry.†

Prebends of St. Paul’s. See the articleCanons.

Precentor or Chanter of St. Paul’s,an officer who superintends the churchmusic, and has a sub-chanter to officiatein his absence. To him belongs the secondstall on the north side of the choir:he is perpetual Rector of the church of225Stortford, proprietor of the same, and patronof the vicarage. Newc. Repert.

Prerogative Court in Doctors Commons;this court is thus denominatedfrom the prerogative of the Archbishop ofCanterbury; who by a special privilegebeyond those of his suffragans, can heretry all disputes that happen to arise concerningthe last wills of persons within hisprovince, who have left goods to the valueof 5l. and upwards, unless such thingsare settled by composition between themetropolitan and his suffragans; asin the diocese of London, where it is10l.

This court, which was formerly heldin the consistory of St. Paul’s, is kept inDoctors Commons in the afternoon, thenext day after the court of Arches. TheJudge is attended by the Register and hisDeputy, who sets down the decreesand acts of the court, and keeps therecords.

Prerogative Office in Doctors Commons,an office belonging to the abovecourt, in which copies of all wills depositedin the office are wrote in large foliovolumes, and any person may have theprivilege of searching a particular will fora shilling, and of having a copy of the226whole, or of any part of it, for a moderatefee.

The places belonging to this court arein the gift of the Archbishop of Canterbury.

Presbyterians, a considerable body ofProtestant dissenters; their religious sentimentsare in general pretty far fromCalvinism, they have now scarcely anyresemblance to the church of Scotland;and every congregation in this city, is in amanner as independent of each other asthe independents themselves. The meetinghouses within the bills of mortality areas follows:

1. Bethnal green. 2. Broad street,Wapping. 3. Brook house, Clapton. 4.Church street, Hoxton. 5. Crosby square,Bishopsgate street. 6. Crown court, Russelstreet. 7. Founders hall, Lothbury.8. Grafton street, Seven dials. 9. Gravellane, Houndsditch. 10. Great St. ThomasApostle’s. 11. Hanover street, Long Acre.12. King John’s court, Bermondsey. 13.King’s Weigh-house, Little Eastcheap.14. Leather lane, Holborn. 15. LittleCarter lane. 16. Little Eastcheap, nearTower street. 17. Little St. Helen’sBishopsgate street. 18. Long ditch, Westminster.19. Maiden lane, Deadman’s227place. 20. Middlesex court, Bartholomewclose. 21. Mourning lane, Hackney.22. New Broad street, London wall. 23.Near Nightingale lane. 24. Old Jewry,Poultry. 25. Parish street, Horselydown.26. Poor Jewry lane, near Aldgate. 27.Queen street, near Cuckolds point. 28.Rampant lion yard, Nightingale lane.29. Ryder’s court, near Leicester fields.30. Salisbury street, Rotherhithe. 31. St.Thomas, Southwark. 32. Salters hall,Swithin’s lane. 33. Shakespear’s walk,Upper Shadwell. 34. Silver street, Woodstreet. 35. Spitalfields. 36. Swallowstreet, Piccadilly. 37. Windsor court,Monkwell street.

Prescot court, St. John’s street, Smithfield.†

Prescot street, Goodman’s fields.†

Preston’s yard, in the Minories.†

Price’s alley, 1. Brewer’s street. 2. Knave’sAcre, Wardour street.† 3. Queen street,in the Park, Southwark.†

Price’s buildings, Gravel lane.†

Price’s court, Gravel lane.†

Price’s yard, Long lane.†

Priest’s alley, 1. Foster lane, Cheapside.†2. Tower hill.†

Priest’s yard, Dancing lane, Southwark.†

Primrose alley, 1. Bishopsgate street. 2.228Long alley, Moorfields. 3. St. MaryOveries dock, Southwark.

Primrose Hill, a very pleasant hill betweenKilburn and Hampstead; also calledGreen Berry Hill, from the names of thethree assassins of Sir Edmundbury Godfrey,who brought him hither after they hadmurdered him at Somerset house.

Primrose row, Primrose alley.

Primrose street, Bishopsgate street.

Prince’s court. Several of these courts andstreets received their name, as well asthose of King street and Queen street,after the restoration, in honour of the returnof the royal family. 1. Duke street,St. James’s. 2. Drury lane. 3. Gravellane, Southwark. 4. Hedge lane, CharingCross. 5. Long Ditch, Westminster.6. Lothbury. 7. Newport market. 8.Old Gravel lane, Ratcliff highway. 9.Tower hill. 10. Wentworth street.

Prince’s square, Ratcliff highway, is a neatsquare, principally inhabited by the familiesof gentlemen who belong to thesea. Its chief ornament is the churchand church yard belonging to the Swedes,surrounded with iron rails and well plantedwith trees. The front of the churchis carried up flat with niches and ornaments,and on the summit is a pediment.229The body is divided into a central partprojecting forwarder than the rest, andtwo sides. The central part has two tallwindows, terminated by a pediment, andin the midst of that is an oval window;but in the sides there is only a compartmentbelow with a circular window above.The corners of the building are wroughtin a bold, plain rustic. The tower risessquare from the roof, and at the cornersare placed urns with flames: from thencerises a turret in the lanthorn form withflaming urns at the corners: this turret iscovered with a dome, from which rises aball, supporting the fane, in the form of arampant lion.

Prince’s stairs, Rotherhith.

Prince’s street, 1. St. Anne’s street, Soho.2. Barbican. 3. Brick lane, Spitalfields.4. Charles street, Old Gravel lane, Ratcliff.5. Drury lane. 6. Duke street, St.James’s. 7. Duke street, Southwark. 8.Hanover square. 9. Little Queen street.10. Oxford street. 11. Queen street. 12.Ratcliff Highway. 13. Red Lion square,Holborn. 14. Rotherhith Wall. 15. SunTavern fields, Shadwell. 16. The westend of Threadneedle street; first built byact of Parliament after the fire of London,in which it was called by this name before230it was erected. 17. Upper Moorfields.18. Whitcomb street, Hedge lane. 19.Wood street, Spitalfields.

Printing House lane, leading to theKing’s printing house in Black friars.

Printing House street, Water lane.

Printing House yard, 1. Water lane. 2.By White’s alley, Coleman street; thusnamed from a large printing house therefor woollens.

Pritchard’s alley, Fair street, Horselydown.†

Privy Council, held at the co*ckpit. Thisgreat and honourable assembly meet inorder to consult upon those measures thatare most likely to contribute to the honour,defence, safety and benefit of hisMajesty’s dominions.

The members of this body are chosenby the King, and are, or ought to bedistinguished by their wisdom, courage,integrity, and political knowledge. APrivy Counsellor, though but a Gentleman,has precedence of all Knights, Baronets,and the younger sons of all Baronsand Viscounts. They sit at the council boardbareheaded, when his Majesty presides;at all debates the lowest delivers hisopinion first; and the King last of all declares231his judgment, and thereby determinesthe matter in debate.

Privy Garden, Whitehall, was formerlyused as a private garden, though it extendedalmost to the co*ckpit. The walljoined the arch still standing by the co*ckpit,and ran on in a line to King street.Plan of London drawn in Queen Elizabeth’stime.

Privy Garden stairs, Privy Garden.

Privy Seal Office, Whitehall. An officeunder the government of the Lord PrivySeal, a great officer, next in dignity tothe Lord President of the Council, whokeeps the King’s privy seal, which is setto such grants as pass the great seal ofEngland. The Lord Privy Seal has a salaryof 3000l. per annum. Under himare three Deputies, a Secretary, and threeClerks; but these Clerks have no salaries;they have however considerable fees, and30l. a year board wages.

Probin’s yard, Blackman street, Southwark.†

Protonotaries, or Prothonotaries,in the court of Common Pleas. Theword is derived from Protonotarius, a chiefNotary or Clerk; and they are accordinglythe chief Clerks of this court.232They enter and enrol all declarations,pleadings, assizes, judgments, and actions;and make out judicial writs, &c. for allEnglish counties, except Monmouth.They are three in number, and have eachseparate offices, one in the Middle Temple,another in King’s Bench Walks, and theother in Searle’s court, Lincoln’s Inn. Inthese offices all the Attorneys of the courtof Common Pleas enter their causes.

Each of these Protonotaries has a Secondary,whose office is, to draw up therules of court, and these were formerly theancientest and ablest Clerks or Attorneysof the court.

Protonotary’s, or Prothonotary’sOffice in Chancery, is kept in Middle Templelane, and is chiefly to expedite commissionsfor embassies.

Providence court, North Audley street.

Providence yard, Peter street, Westminster.

Prujean’s court, in the Old Bailey.†

Pruson’s island, Near New Gravel lane.†

Pudding lane, Thames street. In this lanethe fire of London broke out, at a housesituated exactly at the same distance fromthe Monument as that is high. Uponthis house, which is rebuilt in a very233handsome manner, was set up by authoritythe following inscription:

‘Here by the permission of Heaven,Hell broke loose upon this protestantcity, from the malicious hearts of barbarouspapists, by the hand of theiragent Hubert: who confessed, and onthe ruins of this place declared his fact,for which he was hanged, viz. Thathere began the dreadful fire, which isdescribed and perpetuated, on and bythe neighbouring pillar, erected 1681—inthe mayoralty of Sir Patience Ward,Knt.’

But the inhabitants being incommodedby the many people who came to look atthe house, and read this board, it wastaken down a few years ago.

Puddle dock, Thames street. There wasanciently a descent into the Thames inthis place, where horses used to be watered;who raising the mud with theirfeet, made the place like a puddle; fromthis circ*mstance, and from a personnamed Puddle dwelling there, this dock,according to Maitland, obtained its presentname.

Puddle Dock hill, Great Carter lane.

Puddle Dock stairs, Puddle dock.

Pultney court, Little Windmill street.

234Pultney street, 1. Brewer’s street.† 2.Knave’s Acre.†

Pump alley, 1. Brown’s street.☐ 2. Gardener’slane, Petty France, Westminster.☐3. Green bank, Wapping.☐ 4. Perkins’srents, Peter street, Soho.☐ 5. Quakerstreet, Spitalfields.☐ 6. Queen street inthe Park, Southwark.☐ 7. Red lionstreet, Wapping dock.☐ 8. Near Whitecrossstreet, Cripplegate.☐

Pump court, 1. Bridgewater gardens.☐ 2.Charing Cross.☐ 3. Crutched Friars.☐4. Glasshouse yard.☐ 5. Holland street.†6. Jacob’s street, Mill street.☐ 7. InnerTemple.☐ 8. Long alley, Shoreditch.☐9. The Minories.☐ 10. Noble street,Foster lane.☐ 11. Rose and Crowncourt.☐ 12. Portpool lane.☐ 13. Queenhithe.☐14. Three Foxes court, Longlane,Smithfield.☐ 15. White Hart yard,Drury lane.☐ 16. White’s alley.☐

Pump yard, 1. Near Aldersgate Bars.☐ 2.Church lane.☐ 3. Golden lane.☐ 4.Gravel lane.☐ 5. King John’s court,Southwark.☐ 6. Newington Butts.☐ 7.In the Orchard, Ratcliff.☐ 8. Pump alley,Chequer alley.☐ 9. Three Colts street.†10. Whitehorse alley, Cow Cross.☐

Punch Bowl alley, Moorfields Quarters.*

Punch court, Thrall street, Spitalfields.

235Purford. See Pyrford.

Purse court, 1. Fore street, Cripplegate.*2. Old Change, Cheapside.*

Putney, a village in Surry, situated on theThames, five miles south west of London,famous for being the birth place of ThomasCromwell Earl of Essex, whose fatherwas a blacksmith here. About this villagethe citizens of London have manypretty seats; and on Putney Heath is apublic house, noted for polite assemblies,and in the summer season for breakfastingand dancing, and for one of the pleasantestbowling greens in England. Here is anold church erected after the same modelwith that of Fulham, on the oppositeshore, and they are both said to have beenbuilt by two sisters.

That part of Putney which joins to theHeath, commands a fine view both up anddown the river Thames.

Pye corner, Smithfield.

Pye garden, near Willow street, Bank side,Southwark.

Pye street, Westminster.

Pyrford, or Purford, in Surry, thefine seat of the late Denzil Onslow, Esq;situated two miles from Guilford, on thebanks of the Wey. It is rendered extremelypleasant, by the beautiful intermixtureof wood and water, in the park,236gardens, and grounds adjoining. By thepark is a decoy, the first of the kind inthis part of England.

Q.

Quakers, a body of dissenters whohave the following places of worshipin this metropolis:

1. Devonshire street, Bishopsgate street.2. Ewer’s street, Southwark. 3. Fairstreet, Horselydown. 4. Little Almonry,Westminster. 5. St. John’s lane. 6.Sandy’s court, Houndsditch. 7. Schoolhouse lane, Ratcliff. 8. Savoy in theStrand. 9. Wapping. 10. White hartyard, Gracechurch street. 11. Workhouse,Clerkenwell.

Quakers street, Spitalfields.

Quakers Workhouse, in BridewellWalk, Clerkenwell, contains about eighteenor twenty old men and women; butthey are not confined to any number.These are provided with all the necessariesof life in a very decent manner: as arealso forty boys and twenty girls; who arenot only taught reading, writing andarithmetic; but to spin, sew, knit, and237make thrum-mops, &c. in order to inurethem to early labour: the boys, whenput out apprentice, have 5l. given witheach. These children are cloathed invery good cloth and callimancoes, andsupported at the expence of about 600l.per annum.

Quality court, Chancery lane.

Quart Pot alley, George street, PettyFrance, Westminster.*

Queen Anne’s street, a very handsome regularstreet, building north of Cavendishsquare, and parallel to that and Wigmorestreet. It being built on the estate of thelate Lord Harley, Earl of Oxford, it receivedits name in honour of his RoyalMistress.

Queen Elizabeth’s School, in Schoolhouse lane, Tooley street, Southwark, wasfounded by that Princess, for instructingthe boys of St. Olave’s parish in English,grammar and writing.

This school generally consists of nearthree hundred boys, for the teaching ofwhom the master of the grammar schoolhas a salary of 61l. per annum; his usher41l. 10s. the writing-master has 60l. outof which he is obliged to supply the schoolwith pens and ink; the English masterhas 37l. 10s. and his usher 20l. Thesesums, together amounting to 220l. per annum,238are chiefly raised from an estate inHorselydown, which, pursuant to theletters of incorporation, is, with theschool, under the management of sixteenof the parishioners. Maitland.

Queenhithe, in Thames street, a hithe orharbour for large boats, lighters, barges,and even ships, which anciently anchoredat that place, as they do now at Billingsgate,the draw-bridge being drawn up fortheir passage through; Queenhithe beingthen the principal key for lading and unladingin the heart of the city. Hithervast numbers of these vessels came ladenwith corn, as the barges do now withmalt and meal, this being the great mealmarket of the city.

Queenhithe alley, near Thames street.

Queenhithe stairs, Queenhithe.

Queenhithe little stairs, Queenhithe.

Queenhithe Ward, is bounded on thenorth by Bread street ward, and Cordwainersward; on the east by Dowgateward; on the south by the Thames, andon the west by Baynard’s castle ward.The principal streets and lanes in thisward, are, next to Queenhithe, a part ofThames street, from St. Bennet’s hill toTownsend lane; Lambert hill, Fishstreet hill, Five foot lane, Bread street hill,Huggen lane, Little Trinity, with the239south side of Great Trinity lane, and OldFish street.

The most remarkable buildings, are theparish churches of St. Nicholas Cole Abbey,St. Mary Somerset, and St. Michael’sQueenhithe; Painterstainers hall, andBlacksmiths hall.

This ward is governed by an Aldermanand six Common Council men, includingthe Alderman’s Deputy; thirteen inquestmen, eight scavengers, nine constables,and a beadle. The jury-men returnedby the Wardmote inquest, serve in theseveral courts of Guildhall in the monthof October. Maitland.

Queen’s Arms alley, 1. Shoe lane.* 2.Shoreditch.*

Queen’s Arms court, Upper Ground.*

Queen’s court, 1. St. Catharine’s lane, EastSmithfield.* 2. Great Queen street.* 3.High Holborn.* 4. King street, CoventGarden.*

Queen’s Head alley, 1. Hoxton.* 2. Newgatestreet.* 3. Shadwell.* 4. Wapping.*5. Whitechapel.*

Queen’s Head court, 1. Fleet street.* 2.Giltspur street.* 3. Gray’s Inn lane.* 4.Great Windmill street.* 5. High Holborn.*6. King street, Covent Garden.*7. Pye corner.* 8. In the Strand.* 9.Turn again lane.*

240Queen’s Head yard, 1. Gray’s Inn lane,Holborn.* 2. White Horse street.*

Queen’s Library, a handsome buildingerected by that learned Princess her lateMajesty Queen Caroline, into whichbooks were put in the month of October1737. This is a very noble room, furnishedwith a choice collection of modernbooks in several languages, consisting ofabout 4500, finely bound, and placed ingreat order, with brass net-work beforethem. Maitland.

Queen’s square, 1. St. James’s Park. 2.Little Bartholomew close. 3. Ormondstreet, by Red Lion street, Holborn. This,as a late writer justly observes, is an areaof a peculiar kind, it being left open onone side for the sake of the beautiful landscapeformed by the hills of Highgate andHampstead, together with the adjacentfields. A delicacy worthy, as it is an advantageto the inhabitants, and a beautyeven with regard to the square itself.

Queen’s Square street, Long Ditch, Westminster.

Queen street. Many of these streets werethus named after the restoration, in honourof the royal family. 1. Bloomsbury.2. Opposite King street in Cheapside;this street was widened, and had its name241changed to Queen street, by act of Parliament,after the fire of London. 3.Great Russel street, Bloomsbury. 4. GreatWindmill street. 5. Hog lane, St. Giles’s.6. Hoxton. 7. Long Ditch, Westminster.8. In the Mint, Southwark. 9. Moorfields.10. Near New Gravel lane, Shadwell.11. Old Paradise street, Rotherhith.12. Oxford street. 13. In the Park,Southwark. 14. Ratcliff. 15. Redcrossstreet, Southwark. 16. Rosemary lane.17. Rotherhith. 18. Seven Dials. 19.Soho square. 20. Tower hill. 21. Mews,Great Queen street.

Quickapple’s alley, Bishopsgate street without.†

Quiet row, Red Lion street.

R.

Racket court, Fleet street.

Rag alley, Golden lane, Redcrossstreet.

Rag Fair, 1. East Smithfield. 2. Rosemarylane. Here old cloaths are soldevery day, by multitudes of people standingin the streets; there is here a placecalled the ‘Change, where all the shops242sell old cloaths: it is remarkable thatmany of the old cloaths shops in Rosemarylane, where this daily market iskept, deal for several thousand pounds ayear.

Rag street, Hockley in the hole.

Ragdale court, Millman street, near RedLion street, Holborn.

Ragged row, Goswell street.‖

Ragged Staff alley, Fleet street.*

Ragged Staff court, Drury lane.*

Raindeer court, in the Strand.*

Raine’s Hospital, in Fowden Fields in theparish of St. George, Ratcliff Highway, ahandsome building erected by Mr. HenryRaine, brewer, in the year 1737, who endowedit by a deed of gift with a perpetualannuity of 240l. per annum, and addedthe sum of 4000l. in South sea annuities,amounting to about 4400l. to be laid outin a purchase.

The children of this hospital, whichcontains forty-eight girls, are taken out ofa parish school almost contiguous to it,erected in the year 1719, by the aboveMr. Raine, at the expence of about 2000l.and he likewise endowed it with a perpetualannuity of 60l.

The children are supplied with all thenecessaries of life, and taught to read,write, sew, and household work, to qualify243them for service, to which they are put,after having been three years upon thefoundation. Maitland.

Ralph’s key, Thames street.

Ram alley, 1. co*ck lane.* 2. Cow Cross,Smithfield.* 3. St. John’s street, Spitalfields.*4. Rotherhith Wall.* 5. Wrightstreet, Rotherhith.*

Ram’s Head court, Moor lane, Fore street,Moorgate.*

Ramsay’s Almshouse, in Horns yard, ClothFair, was founded by Dame Mary Ramsey,relict of Mr. Thomas Ramsey, sometime Lord Mayor, about the year 1596,for three poor women, who formerly receivedcoals and cloaths; but at presentonly 2s. per week each. Maitland.

Rampant Lion yard, Nightingale lane.*

Randal alley, Rotherhith Wall.†

Ranelagh Gardens, at Chelsea; so calledfrom their formerly belonging to theEarl of Ranelagh. This is one of thosepublic places of pleasure which is not tobe equalled in Europe, and is the resortof people of the first quality. Though itsgardens are beautiful, it is more to be admiredfor the amphitheatre. This is acircular building, the external diameter is185 feet, round the whole is an arcade,and over that a gallery with a balustrade(to admit the company into the upper244boxes) except where the entrances breakthe continuity. Over this are the windows(as may be seen in the print) and itterminates with the roof. The internaldiameter is 150 feet, and the architectureof the inside corresponds with the outside,except that over every column, betweenthe windows, termini support the roof.In the middle of the area, where the orchestrawas at first designed, is a chimneyhaving four faces. This makes it warmand comfortable in bad weather. Theorchestra fills up the place of one of theentrances. The entertainment consists ofa fine band of music with an organ, accompaniedby the best voices. The regaleis tea and coffee.

Ranger’s yard, York street, Jermainstreet.†

Rat alley, Great Eastcheap.*

Ratcliff, by Upper Shadwell.

Ratcliff School, was founded by NicholasGibson, Sheriff of this city, in theyear 1537, for the education of sixty poorchildren; the master had a salary of 10l.and the usher 6l. 13s. 4d. per annum, atthat time very considerable sums: at presentthe master has 23l. 6s. 8d. and theusher 9l. 13s. 4d. a year. This house belongingto the adjoining almshouses, is245under the management of the Cooperscompany. Maitland.

Ratcliff cross, Ratcliff.

Ratcliff highway, near Upper Shadwell.

Ratcliff Highway street, Shadwell.

Ratcliff row, near Old Street.†

Ratcliff square, Ratcliff.†

Rathbone place, Oxford street.

Ray’s court, Cross lane, Lukener’s lane.†

Read’s rents, Long lane, Smithfield.†

Rebecca’s yard, East Smithfield.

Rebel’s row, near St. George’s church,Southwark.

Reckman’s rents, Limehouse bridge.†

Record Office, in the Tower, is kept inWakefield’s Tower, which joins to theBloody Tower, near Traitor’s Gate; andconsists of three rooms one above another,and a large round room where the rollsare kept. These are all handsomelywainscoted, the wainscot being framedinto presses round each room, withinwhich are shelves, and repositories for therecords; and for the easier finding ofthem, the year of each reign is inscribedon the inside of these presses, and the recordsplaced accordingly.

Within these presses, which amount tofifty-six in number, are deposited all therolls from the first year of the reign of246King John, to the beginning of the reignof Richard III. but those after this lastperiod are kept in the Rolls chapel. SeeRolls Office.

The records in the Tower, amongother things, contain, the foundation ofabbies, and other religious houses; theancient tenures of all the lands in England,with a survey of the manors; the originalof our laws and statutes; proceedings ofthe courts of common law and equity;the rights of England to the dominion ofthe British seas; leagues and treaties withforeign Princes; the achievements ofEngland in foreign wars; the settlementof Ireland, as to law and dominion; theforms of submission of the Scottish Kings;ancient grants of our Kings to their subjects;privileges and immunities grantedto cities and corporations during the periodabovementioned; enrollments ofcharters and deeds made before the conquest;the bounds of all the forests inEngland, with the several respectiverights of the inhabitants to common ofpasture, and many other important records,all regularly disposed, and referredto in near a thousand folio indexes. Chamberlain’sPresent State. Strype’s Stowe.

This office is kept open, and attendance247constantly given, from seven o’clocktill one, except in the months of December,January, and February, when it isopen only from eight to one, except onSundays and holidays. A search here ishalf a guinea, for which you may peruseany one subject a year.

Recorder of London. This officer oughtalways to be a learned Lawyer, well versedin the customs of the city. He is not onlythe chief Assistant to the Lord Mayor inmatters of law and justice; but takesplace in councils and in courts before anyman that hath not been Lord Mayor: hespeaks in the name of the City upon extraordinaryoccasions; usually reads and presentstheir addresses to the King; andwhen seated upon the bench delivers thesentence of the court. Maitland.

Red Bull alley, 1. Kent street, Southwark.*2. St. Olave’s street, Southwark.*3. Thames street.*

Red Bull court, 1. Fore street, Cripplegate.*2. Red Bull alley.*

Red Bull yard, 1. Ailesbury street, St.John’s street, Clerkenwell.* 2. Islington.*

Red Cow alley, 1. Church lane, Rag Fair.*2. Old street.*

Red Cow court, 1. Church lane, Caplestreet.* 2. Rotherhithe Wall.*

248Red Cow lane, Mile-end turnpike.*

Redcross alley, 1. Jewin street, Redcrossstreet. 2. By London Bridge. 3. LongDitch, Westminster. 4. St. Margaret’shill, Southwark. 5. Old street. 6. Redcrossstreet, in the Mint.

Redcross court, 1. Cow lane. 2. In theMinories. 3. Old Bailey. 4. Towerstreet.

Redcross Street Library. See Dr.Williams’s Library.

Redcross square, Jewin street.

Redcross street, 1. Extends from Cripplegateto Barbican: at the upper end ofthis street, opposite the west end of Beachlane, stood a red cross, which gave nameto this street. Maitland. 2. Nightingalelane, East Smithfield. 3. In the Park,Southwark.

Redcross Street School, was foundedin the year 1709, by Dame Eleanor Hollis,who endowed it with 62l. 3s. per annum,in ground rents; for the educationof fifty poor girls; but by additional benefactionsthe revenue is increased to 80l.2s. 8d. a year.

This school being kept in the samehouse with that of the parish boys of St.Giles’s, Cripplegate, it is generally takenfor the parish girls charity school.

Red Gate court, in the Minories.

249Red Hart court, Fore street, Cripplegate.*

Redhill’s rents, Vine street.†

Red Horse yard, Glasshouse yard.*

Red Lion alley, 1. Barnaby street, Southwark.*2. St. Catharine’s, Tower hill.* 3.Cow Cross, Smithfield.* 4. St. John’s street,Smithfield.* 5. St. Margaret’s hill, Southwark.*6. In the Minories.* 7. Peter’sstreet, St. John’s street, Westminster.* 8.Thames street.* 9. Tower Ditch.* 10.Whitechapel.*

Red Lion back court, Charterhouse lane.*

Red Lion court, 1. Addle hill, by Thamesstreet.* 2. Barnaby street, Southwark.*3. Bennet’s hill, Thames street.* 4. Bennet’sstreet, Southwark.* 5. Brick lane.*6. St. Catharine’s lane.* 7. Castle yard,Holborn.* 8. Charterhouse lane, by Charterhousesquare.* 9. co*ck lane, Snowhill.* 10. Drury lane.* 11. Fleet street.*12. Grub street.* 13. Holiwell lane.*14. Kingsland road.* 15. London Wall.*16. Long Acre.* 17. Red Lion alley, St.Margaret’s hill.* 18. Red Lion street,Spitalfields.* 19. Long alley, Moor fields.*20. Silver street, Cripplegate.*21. Watling street, St. Paul’s church yard.*22. Wheeler street, Spitalfields.*23. White Hart yard.* 24. Windmillhill.*

250Red Lion inn yard, Bishopsgate street.*

Red Lion market, Whitecross street, Cripplegate.*

Red Lion Market passage, Whitecrossstreet, Cripplegate.*

Red Lion mews, Cavendish street.*

Red Lion passage, Fetter lane.*

Red Lion square, by Red Lion street, Holborn.A handsome square, adorned witha lofty obelisk placed upon a pedestal inthe center.

Red Lion street, 1. In the Borough.* 2.A very neat well-built street, leading toClerkenwell.* 3. St. George’s Fields.* 4.High Holborn.* 5. Spitalfields market.*6. Wapping.* 7. Whitechapel.*

Red Lion yard, 1. Cavendish street.* 2.Church street, Lambeth.* 3. Great Warner’sstreet.* 4. Houndsditch.* 5. Longlane, Smithfield.* 6. Long Acre.* 7.Lower Shadwell.* 8. Red Lion street.*9. Star street, Clerkenwell.*

Red Maid lane, near the Hermitage.*

Red Rose alley, Whitecross street, Oldstreet.*

Red Wood alley, near Skinner’s street,Bishopsgate street without.

Reddish row, Red Maid lane, Wapping.

Reeve’s mews, Audley street.†

Register’s Office in Chancery, Symond’sInn, Chancery lane.

251Register Office of Deeds, for the countyof Middlesex, Bell yard, Fleet street.

City Remembrancer, an officer who oncertain days attends the Lord Mayor.His business is to put his Lordship inmind of the select days when he is to goabroad with the Aldermen, &c. and toattend the parliament house during thesessions, in order to make a report to theLord Mayor of what passes there.

The King’s Remembrancer’s Office, inthe Inner Temple. An office belongingto the court of Exchequer, in whichthere are eight sworn Clerks, two ofwhom are Secondaries.

Here are entered the state of all the accountsrelating to the King’s revenue, forcustoms, excise, subsidies: all aids grantedto the King in Parliament; and everything relating to his Majesty’s revenue,whether certain or casual: all securities,either by bonds or recognizances, given tothe King by accountants and officers: allproceedings upon any statute by informationfor customs, excise, or any other penallaw: all proceedings upon the said bondsor recognizances, or any other bonds takenin the King’s name, by officers appointedfor that purpose under the great seal ofEngland, and transmitted hither for recoverythereof, are properly in this office,252from whence issue forth process to causeall accountants to come in and account;For there being a court of equity in thecourt of Exchequer, all proceedings relatingto it are in this office. Chamberlain’sPresent State.

The Lord Treasurers Remembrancer’sOffice, also belongs to the court of Exchequer.In this office process is madeagainst all Sheriffs, Receivers, Bailiffs, &c.for their accounts, and many other thingsof moment, as estreats, rules, &c. Allcharters and letters patent, upon whichany rents are referred to the King, aretranscribed, and sent into this office by theClerk of the petty bag, in order to betransmitted to the Clerk of the pipe, thatprocess may be made to recover the moneyby the Comptroller of the pipe. Outof this office process is likewise made tolevy the King’s fee farm rents, &c.

In short, when the Auditors of the revenuehave made schedules of such arrears,and transmitted them to the Remembrancer,the state of all imprest accounts,and all other accounts whatsoever, are enteredin this office, as well as in that ofthe King’s Remembrancer. Both thisand the other office are in the King’s gift.Chamberlain’s Present State.

253Court of Requests. See Court of Conscience.

Reygate, a large market town in Surry,situated in the valley of Holmsdale,twenty-four miles from London, and surroundedon each side with hills. It is anancient borough, and had a castle, builtby the Saxons, on the east side of thetown, some ruins of which are still to beseen, particularly a long vault with a roomat the end, large enough to hold 500persons, where the Barons who took uparms against King John are said to havehad their private meetings. Its markethouse was once a chapel dedicated toThomas Becket. The neighbourhoodabounds with fullers earth and medicinalplants.

On the south side of the town is a largehouse, formerly a priory: it belongs tothe late Mr. Parsons’s family, and isbeautified with plantations, and a largepiece of water. It has two rooms, eachfifty feet long, and of a proportionablebreadth; but the ceilings are much toolow. The house and gardens are on everyside surrounded with hills, so as to renderthe prospect very romantic.

In this town the late celebrated LordShaftesbury had an house, to which heretired to seclude himself from company.254It is now in the possession of a privategentleman, who has laid out and planteda small spot of ground, in so many parts,as to comprise whatever can be supposedin the most noble seats. It may properlybe called a model, and is called by theinhabitants of Reygate, The world in oneacre.

Rhodes yard, Bishopsgate street.†

Richard’s court, Lime street, Leadenhallstreet.†

Richbell court, Red Lion street, Holborn.†

Richmond, a village in Surry, twelve milesfrom London. This is reckoned the finestvillage in the British dominions, and hastherefore been termed the Frescati ofEngland. It was anciently the seat ofour Monarchs, and the palace from itssplendor was called Shene, which in theSaxon tongue signifies bright or shining;Here King Edward III. died of grief forthe loss of his heroic son Edward theBlack Prince; and here died Anne thewife of Richard II. who first taught theEnglish women the use of the side saddle;for before her time they were used to rideastride; Richard, however, was so afflictedat her death, that it gave him such a disliketo the place where it happened, thathe defaced the fine palace; but it was255repaired and beautified afresh by KingHenry V. who also founded near it threereligious houses. In the year 1497, thispalace was destroyed by fire, when KingHenry VII. was there; but in 1501that Prince caused it to be new built,and commanded that the village should becalled Richmond; he having borne thetitle of Earl of Richmond, before he obtainedthe crown by the defeat and death ofRichard III. Henry VII. died here; andhere also his grand-daughter Queen Elizabethbreathed her last. On the groundwhere formerly stood a part of the oldpalace, the Earl of Cholmondeley has aseat, as has also Mr. Wray.

The present palace, which is finely situated,is a very plain edifice built by theDuke of Ormond, who received a grantof a considerable space of land aboutRichmond, from King William III. as areward for his military services; but it devolvedto the Crown on that Duke’s attainder,in the beginning of the reign ofKing George I. and this house was by hispresent Majesty confirmed to the lateQueen Caroline, in case she becameQueen Dowager of England.

His Majesty took great delight here,and made several improvements in thepalace, while her Majesty amused herself256at her royal dairy house, Merlin’s cave,the Hermitage, and the other improvementswhich she made in the park andgardens of this delightful retreat.

Though the palace is unsuitable to thedignity of a King of England, the gardensare extremely fine, without offering aviolence to nature; and Pope’s advice withrespect to planting, may be considered asa very accurate description of the beautiesto be found here.

In short, almost every thing here has anagreeable wildness, and a pleasing irregularity,that cannot fail to charm all whoare in love with nature, and afford a muchhigher and more lasting satisfaction thanthe stiff decorations of art, where the257artist loses sight of nature which aloneought to direct his hand.

On entering these rural walks, you areconducted to the dairy, a neat but lowbrick building, to which there is an ascentby a flight of steps; in the front is ahandsome angular pediment. The wallson the inside are covered with stucco, andthe house is furnished suitably to a royaldairy, the utensils for the milk being ofthe most beautiful china.

Passing by the side of a canal, and thro’a grove of trees, the temple presents itselfto view, situated on a mount. It is a circulardome crowned with a ball, and supportedby Tuscan columns, with a circularaltar in the middle, and to this templethere is an ascent by very steep slopes.

Returning by the dairy, and crossingthe gravel walk, which leads from thepalace to the river, you come to a wood,which you enter by a walk terminatedby the Queen’s pavilion, a neat elegantstructure, wherein is seen a beautifulchimney-piece, taken from a design in theaddition to Palladio, and a model of apalace intended to be built in this place.

In another part of the wood is theDuke’s summer house, which has a loftyarched entrance, and the roof rising to apoint is terminated by a ball.

258On leaving the wood you come to thesummer house on the terrace, a light smallbuilding with very large and lofty windows,to give a better view of the country,and particularly of that noble seatcalled Sion house. In this edifice are twogood pictures, representing the taking ofVigo by the Duke of Ormond.

Passing through a labyrinth, you see,near a pond, Merlin’s cave, a Gothicbuilding thatched; within which are thefollowing figures in wax, Merlin, an ancientBritish enchanter; the excellent andlearned Queen Elizabeth, and a Queen ofthe Amazons; here is also a library consistingof a well chosen collection of theworks of modern authors neatly bound invellum.

On leaving this edifice, which has anantique and venerable appearance, youcome to a large oval of above 500 feet indiameter, called the Forest oval, and turningfrom hence you have a view of theHermitage, a grotesque building, whichseems as if it had stood many hundredyears, though it was built by order ofher late Majesty. It has three archeddoors, and the middle part which projectsforward, is adorned with a kind of ruinousangular pediment; the stones of the wholeedifice appear as if rudely laid together,259and the venerable look of the whole isimproved by the thickness of the solemngrove behind, and the little turret on thetop with a bell, to which you may ascendby a winding walk. The inside is in theform of an octagon with niches, in whichare the busts of the following truly greatmen, who by their writings were an honournot only to their country, but to humannature. The first on the right handis the incomparable Sir Isaac Newton, andnext to him the justly celebrated Mr.John Locke. The first on the left handis Mr. Woolaston, the author of The Religionof Nature displayed; next to him isthe reverend and learned Dr. SamuelClarke, and in a kind of alcove is the trulyhonourable Mr. Robert Boyle.

Leaving this seat of contemplation, youpass through fields cloathed with grass;through corn fields, and a wild groundinterspersed with broom and furze, whichafford excellent shelter for hares and pheasants,and here there are great numbers ofthe latter very tame. From this pleasingvariety, in which nature appears in allher forms of cultivation and barren wildness,you come to an amphitheatre formedby young elms, and a diagonal wilderness,through which you pass to the forest walk,which extends about half a mile, and260then passing through a small wilderness,you leave the gardens.

At the extremity of the garden on thenorth east, is another house that belongedto her Majesty, and near it the house ofhis late Royal Highness Frederic Princeof Wales, which is on the inside adornedwith stucco. Opposite the Prince’s houseis the Princess Amelia’s, built by a Dutcharchitect, the outside of which is painted.

To the west of the gardens are seen thefine houses of several of the nobilityand gentry, particularly the Lady Buckworth’s,and Mr. Geoffrey’s, and extendingthe view across the Thames, thereappears Isleworth.

But to return to the village of Richmond.The Green is extremely pleasant,it being levelled and enclosed in a handsomemanner; it is also surrounded withlofty elms, and adorned on each side withthe houses of persons of distinction. Asun dial is here affixed in a pretty taste,encompassed with seats: this, and therailing in of the Green, were at the solecharge of her late Majesty.

Among the pretty seats on this spaciousGreen, is a handsome edifice that formerlybelonged to Sir Charles Hedges, and sinceto Sir Matthew Decker, in the gardens ofwhich is said to be the longest and highest261hedge of holly that was ever seen, withseveral other hedges of evergreens; thereare here also vistas cut through woods,grottos, fountains, a fine canal, a decoy,summer house and stove houses, in whichthe anana, or pine-apple, was first broughtto maturity in this kingdom.

On the north east side of the Green isa fine house, which belonged to the lateMr. Heydigger, and a little beyond it thatof the Duke of Cumberland; passing bywhich, you come to a small park belongingto his Majesty, well stocked withdeer, and opposite to it is the entranceinto the gardens.

The town runs up the hill above a milefrom the village of East Shene, to theNew Park, with the royal gardens slopingall the way towards the Thames; whosetide reaches to this village, though it issixty miles from the sea; which is agreater distance than the tide is carried byany other river in Europe.

On the ascent of the hill are wells of apurging mineral water, frequented duringthe summer by a great deal of good company.On the top there is a most extensiveand beautiful prospect of the country,interspersed with villages and inclosures;the Thames is seen running beneath, andthe landscape is improved by the many262fine seats that are scattered along itsbanks.

There is here an almshouse built byDr. Duppa, Bishop of Winchester in thereign of King Charles II. for the supportof ten poor widows, pursuant to a vowmade by that Prelate during that Prince’sexile. There is another almshouse endowedwith above 100l. a year, which, sinceits foundation, has been considerably increasedby John Mitchell, Esq; Here arealso two charity schools, one for fifty boys,and the other for fifty girls.

New Park, in Surry, is situated betweenKingston and Richmond. This is one ofthe best parks in England; it was madein the reign of King Charles I. and inclosedwith a brick wall, said to be eleven milesin compass. In this park there is a littlehill cast up, called King Henry’s Mount,from which is a prospect of six counties,with a distant view of the city of London,and of Windsor Castle.

The new lodge in this park, built bythe late Sir Robert Walpole Earl of Orford,is a very elegant edifice. It is builtof stone in a square form, with wings oneach side of brick. It stands on a risingground, and commands a very good prospectof the park, especially of that finepiece of water which is in it, and which263might be enlarged and brought across thevista which is in the front of the house,through a wood. This park is the largestof any within the environs of London, exceptthat of Windsor, and the finest too;for though it has little more than a wildvariety of natural beauties to shew, yetthese are such as cannot fail to please thosewho are as much delighted with views intheir rudest appearance, as in all the eleganceof art and design. The PrincessAmelia resides in the old lodge; the newlodge is not inhabited.

Richmond buildings, Dean street, Soho.†

Richmond’s Almshouse, in Goose alley,Sea coal lane, was erected by the companyof Armourers, in the year 1559, pursuantto the will of Mr. John Richmond, foreight poor old men and women, who, accordingto the discretion of the company,receive from five to fifteen shillings perannum each. Maitland.

Richmond street, 1. Old Soho.† 2. Prince’sstreet, Soho.†

Rickington’s court, Coleman street.†

Rickman’s rents, Narrow street, Limehouse.†

Rickmansworth, a town in Hertfordshire,22 miles from London, is situatedin a low moorish soil on the borders ofBuckinghamshire, near the river Coln.264It has a market on Saturday, and is governedby a Constable and two Headboroughs.The several mills on thestreams near this town cause a great quantityof wheat to be brought to it. Hereis a charity school for twenty boys andten girls, with an almshouse for fivewidows, and another for four. In theneighbourhood is a warren hill, wherethe sound of the trumpet is repeatedtwelve times by the echo.

Rider’s court, 1. Little Newport street.†2. Rider’s street.†

Rider’s street, St. James’s street, Westminster.†

Rider’s yard, Kent street, Southwark.†

Riseby’s walk, Limehouse.†

Rising Sun alley, St. John’s street, Smithfield.*

Rising Sun court, St. John’s street, Smithfield.*

Rising Sun passage, Clement’s lane.*

Rivers street, Savage Gardens; so calledfrom the Lord Savage, Earl Rivers.

Robert’s dock, Rotherhith Wall.†

Robert’s rents, Brick lane.†

Robin Hood alley, Blackman street, Southwark.*

Robin Hood court, 1. Bell alley.* 2. Bow lane,Cheapside.* 3. Grub street, Forestreet* 4. Near Morgan’s lane.* 5. Shoe265lane.* 6. In the Strand.* 7. Thamesstreet.* 8. Tooley street, Southwark.*

Robin Hood lane, Poplar.*

Robin Hood yard, 1. Charles street.* 2.Leather lane.*

Robinson’s yard, Friday street, Cheapside.†

Rochester row, Tothill fields.

Rochester yard, 1. Dirty lane. 2. Stonystreet.

Roebuck alley, Turnmill street.*

Roehampton, in Surry, is situated betweenPutney Heath and East Shene, and is oneof the pleasantest villages near London,having many fine houses of merchantsscattered about, so as not to resemble astreet or regular town.

Rogers’s Almshouse, in Hart street, nearCripplegate, was erected by the LordMayor and citizens of London, in theyear 1612, pursuant to the will of Mr.Robert Rogers, citizen and leatherseller,for six poor men and their wives, whohave an annual allowance of 4l. eachcouple. Maitland.

Rogues Well, Stepney fields.

Rolls Office and Chapel, in Chancerylane, a house founded by King Henry III.in the place where stood a Jew’s houseforfeited to that Prince in the year 1233.In this chapel all such Jews and infidels266as were converted to the Christian faith,were ordained, and in the buildings belongingto it, were appointed a sufficientmaintenance: by which means a greatnumber of converts were baptized, instructedin the doctrines of Christianity,and lived under a learned Christian appointedto govern them: but in the year1290, all the Jews being banished, thenumber of converts decreased, and in theyear 1377, the house with its chapel wasannexed by patent to the Keeper of theRolls of Chancery.

The chapel, which is of brick, pebblesand some freestone, is sixty feet long, andthirty-three in breadth; the doors andwindows are Gothic, and the roof coveredwith slate. In this chapel the rollsare kept in presses fixed to the sides, andornamented with columns and pilasters ofthe Ionic and Composite orders.

These rolls contain all the records, ascharters, patents, &c. since the beginningof the reign of Richard III. those beforethat time being deposited in the RecordOffice in the Tower: and these beingmade up in rolls of parchment gave occasionto the name.

At the north west angle of this chapelis a bench, where the Master of the Rollshears causes in Chancery. And attendance267is daily given in this chapel from teno’clock till twelve, for taking in and payingout money, according to order ofcourt, and for giving an opportunity tothose who come for that purpose tosearch the rolls.

The Minister of the chapel is appointedby the Master of the Rolls, and divineservice is performed there on Sundays andholidays at about eleven and three.

On the walls are several old monuments,particularly at the East end is thatof Dr. Young Master of the Rolls, whodied in the year 1516. In a well wroughtstone coffin lies the effigies of Dr. Young,in a scarlet gown; his hands lie acrossupon his breast, and a cap with cornerscovers his ears. On the wall just abovehim, our Saviour is looking down uponhim, his head and shoulders appearingout of the clouds, accompanied by twoangels.

The office of the Rolls is under the governmentof the Master of the Rolls, whosehouse is by the chapel, and has been latelyrebuilt in a handsome manner at the publicexpence.

The place of Master of the Rolls is anoffice of great dignity, and is in the giftof the King, either for life, or duringpleasure. He is always the principal268Master in Chancery, and has in his gift theoffices of the Six Clerks in Chancery; ofthe Two Examiners of the same court,and of the Clerk of the Chapel of theRolls, who acts immediately under him inthat office. He has several revenues belongingto the office of the Rolls, and byact of Parliament receives a salary of1200l. per annum out of the hanaper.Stowe. Maitland. Chamberlain’s PresentState.

Rolls buildings, Fetter lane; so called fromtheir belonging to the Rolls office.

Rolls Liberty, a small district out of thegovernment of the city. It begins at thecorner of Cursitor’s alley, next to Chancerylane, taking in the south side to theRose tavern, where it crosses into White’salley, which it takes all in except two orthree houses on each side, next to Fetterlane; and there it crosses into the Rollsgarden, which it likewise takes in; andfrom thence running into Chancery lane,by Serjeant’s Inn, extends into Jack-a-napeslane, about the middle of which itcrosses into Pope’s Head court, which ittakes all in, as it does the east side ofBell yard, almost to the end next TempleBar, except a few houses on the back sideof Crown court, which is in the city liberty;and then crossing Bell yard, near269Temple Bar, runs cross the houses intoSheer lane, taking in all the east side; andagain crossing over to Lincoln’s Inn NewCourt, runs up to the pump by the ironrails, where it crosses over into Chancerylane, and thence to the corner of Cursitor’salley. Stowe.

Rood lane, Fenchurch street; thus namedfrom a holy rood or cross there.

Roomland lane, Thames street.

Ropemakers alley, Little Moorfields.

Ropemakers field, Limehouse.

Roper lane, Crucifix lane, Barnaby street,Southwark.

Rope walk, 1. Near Cut throat lane, UpperShadwell. 2. Near Elm row, Sun tavernfields. 3. Goswell street. 4. St. Johnstreet, Smithfield. 5. King David’s lane.6. Knockfergus, near Rosemary lane. 7.Near Nightingale lane. 8. Petticoat lane.9. Rotherhith. 10. Near Shad Thames.11. Sun tavern fields. 12. Near Whitechapel.

Rose alley, 1. Bank side, Southwark.* 2.Bishopsgate street without.* 3. EastSmithfield.* 4. Fleet lane, Fleet market.*5. Golden lane, Barbican.* 6. HighHolborn.* 7. St. Martin’s lane, CharingCross.* 8. Rose street, Long Acre.* 9.Saffron hill.* 10. Shoreditch.* 11.Sugarbaker’s lane, Duke’s Place.* 12.270Tooley street, Southwark.* 13. Turnmillstreet.* 14. Widegate alley, Bishopsgatestreet without.*

Rose and Ball court, Addle hill, byGreat Carter lane.*

Rose and Crown alley, near Whitechapel.*

Rose and Crown court, 1. Church lane.*2. St. Catharine’s lane.* 3. co*ck lane,Shoreditch.* 4. Fashion street, Artillerylane, Spitalfields.* 5. Foster lane, Cheapside.*6. Gray’s Inn lane.* 7. Holiwellstreet.* 8. Houndsditch.* 9. Moorfields.*10. Rosemary lane.* 11. Shoe lane,Fleet street.* 12. Sutton street.* 13.Whitechapel.*

Rose and Crown yard, 1. St. Giles’sstreet.* 2. King street, St. James’s square.*3. Long alley, Moorfields.* 4. Rotherhith.*

Rose and Rainbow court, Aldersgatestreet.*

Rose court, 1. Aldermanbury.* 2. Beer lane,Tower street.* 3. Bishopsgate street.*4. Goddard’s rents.* 5. Rochester street.*6. Thieving lane.* 7. Tower street.* 8.Bow lane.* 9. Wheeler street.*

Rose lane, 1. Spitalfields.* 2. Whitehorsestreet.*

Rose street, 1. Brick lane.* 2. Gravellane.* 3. Hog lane, Shoreditch.* 4.271Long Acre.* 5. St. Martin’s lane.* 6.Newgate street.* 7. Newport market.*8. Spitalfields.*

Rose yard, 1. Catharine wheel alley.* 2.Newington Butts.* 3. Whitehorse street.*

Rosemary Branch alley, Rosemarylane.*

Rosemary lane, extends from the bottomof the Minories to Wellclose square, andis chiefly taken up with old cloaths shops.

Rosewell’s court, Great White Lion street,Seven Dials.†

Rosewell’s yard, Barnaby street, Southwark.†

Rotherhith, vulgarly called Rederiff,was anciently a village on the south eastof London, though it is now joined toSouthwark, and as it is situated along thesouth bank of the Thames, is chiefly inhabitedby masters of ships, and otherseafaring people.

Rotherhith School was founded in theyear 1612, by Mr. Peter Hills and Mr.Robert Bell, who endowed it with 3l. ayear, for the education of eight poorseamens children. Maitland.

Rotherhith wall, Jacob street, Rotherhith.

Rotherhith Water Works, situated atthe upper end of Rotherhith Wall, andthe lower end of Mill street, where the272engine is wrought by water from the riverThames, which being brought in by thetide is contained in the canals in theneighbouring streets. By this engine asufficient quantity of water is raised tosupply two main pipes of a six inch bore,whereby the neighbourhood is plentifullysupplied with Thames water.

Rotten row, Goswell street.

Round court, 1. Black Friars. 2. BlackLion yard. 3. Blue Boar’s Head court,Barbican. 4. Butler’s alley. 5. Jewinstreet. 6. St. Martin’s le Grand. 7. Mosesand Aaron alley, Whitechapel. 8. OldBethlem. 9. Onslow street, Vine street,Hatton Wall. 10. Sharp’s alley, CowCross. 11. In the Strand.

Round About alley, Wapping dock.

Round Hoop court, Whitecross street,Cripplegate.*

Royal Exchange, Cornhill. This edifice,which is dedicated to the service ofcommerce, was founded by Sir ThomasGresham, a merchant distinguished byhis abilities and great success in trade,who proposed, that if the city would preparea proper spot, he would erect thebuilding at his own expence. This proposalwas accepted by the Lord Mayorand citizens, who purchased some housesbetween Cornhill and Threadneedle street,273and having caused them to be pulled downand cleared away, the foundation of thenew building was laid on the 7th of June1566, and carried on with such expedition,that it was finished in November1567.

This edifice was called the Bourse, butit soon after changed its name; for on the23d of January 1570, Queen Elizabeth,attended by a great number of the nobility,came from Somerset house, her palacein the Strand, and passing throughThreadneedle street, dined with Sir ThomasGresham at his house in Bishopsgatestreet, and after dinner returning throughCornhill, entered the Bourse on the southside, where having viewed every part exceptthe vaults, especially the gallery abovestairs, which extended round the wholebuilding, and was furnished with shops,in which were sold all sorts of the finestwares in the city, her Majesty caused thisedifice to be proclaimed in her presence,by a herald and trumpet, The Royal Exchange.

Sir Thomas Gresham, at his death, leftthe building to his Lady, and after her deceaseto the Lord Mayor and citizens, andto the Mercers company, directing therents to support, under their inspection,lectures on the sciences, at his dwelling274house, now Gresham College, and somecharities to the prisons.

The original building stood till the fireof London in 1666, when it perishedamidst the general havoc: but it soonarose with greater splendor than before.The model of the present structure was firstshewn to King Charles II. who was wellpleased with it, it was however debatedwhether they should build after that modelor not; for fear of launching out intotoo great an expence: but the majoritydesiring to have it a magnificent structure,and imagining, that the shops above andbelow stairs would in time reimbursethem, had the present edifice erected atthe expence of 80,000l.

The ground plat of this building is 203feet in length; 171 feet in breadth, andthe area in the middle is 61 squareperches. This area is surrounded with asubstantial and regular stone building,wrought in rustic. In each of the principalfronts is a piazza, and in the centerare the grand entrances into thearea, under an arch which is extremelylofty and noble; on each side that of theprincipal front which is in Cornhill, areCorinthian demi-columns supporting acompass pediment; and in the intercolumniationon each side, in the front next275the street, is a niche with the figures ofKing Charles I. and his son Charles II.in Roman habits, and well executed.Over the aperture on the cornice betweenthe two pediments are the King’s arms inrelievo. On each side of this entrance isa range of windows placed between demi-columnsand pilasters of the Compositeorder, above which runs a balustrade.The height of the building is fifty-sixfeet, and from the center of this side risesa lantern and turret, 178 feet high, on thetop of which is a fane in the form of agrasshopper of polished brass, esteemed avery fine piece of workmanship: a grasshopperbeing the crest of Sir ThomasGresham’s arms.

The north front of the Royal Exchangeis adorned with pilasters of the Compositeorder, but has neither columns nor statueson the outside, and instead of the twocompass pediments has a triangular one.

Within the piazzas of these two frontsare two spacious stair cases with iron rails,and black marble steps; these lead into akind of gallery that extends round thefour sides of the building, and in whichwere about two hundred shops, thathave been let from 20l. to 60l. a yeareach; and a very considerable trade was276carried on here; but it has long declined,and all the shops are deserted.

One side of this gallery is employed asauction rooms for furniture, and in otherapartments above stairs are the Royal ExchangeAssurance office, &c. and in thevaults are the pepper warehouse of theEast India company.

The inside of the area is surroundedwith piazzas like those of the south andnorth fronts; forming ambulatories forthe merchants to shelter themselves fromthe weather. Above the arches of thesepiazzas is an entablature with curious enrichments;and on the cornice a range ofpilasters with an entablature extendinground, and a compass pediment in the middleof the cornice of each of the four sides.Under that on the north are the King’sarms; on the south those of the city; onthe east those of Sir Thomas Gresham;and under the pediment on the west sidethe arms of the company of Mercers,with their respective enrichments.

In these intercolumns are twenty-fourniches, nineteen of which are filled withthe statues of the Kings and Queens ofEngland, standing erect, drafted in theirrobes and with their regalia, except thestatues of Charles II. and George II.which are dressed like the Cæsars.

277These statues are, on the south side;Edward I. Edward III. Henry V. HenryVI. On the west side, Edward IV. EdwardV. with the crown hanging over hishead; Henry VII. and Henry VIII. Onthe north side, Edward VI. Mary, Elizabeth,James I. Charles I. Charles II. andJames II. And on the east side are Williamand Mary in one niche, Queen Anne,George I. and George II. All these statueswere painted and gilt, by a voluntarysubscription, in the year 1754.

The four niches that are vacant, arethose where Edward II. Richard II.Henry IV. and Richard III. should havebeen: upon which Maitland says, thathence it seems that the city had no mindto shew any respect to the said Kings, twoof whom took away their charters, andthe other two were usurpers. But whyHenry IV. should be excluded as an usurper,and his brave son Henry V. andHenry VI. be placed there, who only enjoyedthe crown in consequence of hisusurpation, is not easily accounted for.Richard III. was indeed a monster ofcruelty: but Mary was no less cruel, andyet a statue is here erected to her honour.Though Edward II. and Richard II. tookaway the charter of the city, King CharlesII. did so too, and yet has three statues at278the Royal Exchange; and his brother JamesII. who has also a statue, followed hisbrother’s steps, and not only humbled thecity, but caused an Alderman to be hangedat his own door, without being allowedon his trial the time necessary to send forhis witnesses.

Under the piazzas within the Exchangeare twenty-eight niches, all vacant excepttwo; one in the north west angle, whereis the statue of Sir Thomas Gresham, andanother at the south west, of Sir JohnBarnard, who is perhaps the only citizenof London, that has had the honour ofhaving his statue erected in his life-timemerely on account of his merit.

In short, in the center of the areais erected, on a marble pedestal abouteight feet high, another statue of KingCharles II. in a Roman habit, executedby Mr. Gibbon, and encompassed withiron rails. On the south side of the pedestal,under an imperial crown, a scepter,sword, palm branches, and other decorations,is the following inscription:

On the west side of this pedestal, is cutin relievo, a Cupid resting his right handon a shield, containing the arms ofFrance and England quartered, and holdingin his left a rose.

On the north side are the arms of Irelandon a shield, supported by a Cupid.

On the south side is the following inscriptionon the base of the pedestal:

‘This statue was repaired and beautifiedby the company of MerchantAdventurers of England, anno 1730;John Hanbury, Esq; Governor.’

On the east side are the arms of Scotland,with a Cupid holding a thistle. Alldone in relievo.

In the area on the inside of the RoyalExchange, merchants meet every day attwelve at noon, and a prodigious concourseof those of all nations continue theretill two, in order to transact business; but280soon after that hour the gates are shut up,and not opened again till four. For thereadier dispatch of business, and thatevery particular merchant may be easilyfound, they are disposed in separatedclasses, each of which have their particularstation, called their walk, as maybe seen at one view by the followingplan, by attending to which any merchantmay easily be found.

The Royal Exchange, without criticalexamination, has something grand in it,and the entrance would certainly appear tomore advantage if it were not incumberedwith a parcel of little shops. The arcadeor walks within the quadrangle havesomething noble, but the upper part is ina very bad taste. The statue of KingCharles II. in the middle of the area is agood one. The other statues in the severalniches have been lately new paintedand gilt in parts. The painting is nodoubt very necessary for their preservation,but it were to be wished the gilding ofthem had been omitted, as it must giveforeigners of judgment (and such sometimesfrequent this place) a contemptibleopinion of our taste. The two statues,one on each side the gate, of King CharlesI. and II. are particularly good. Theclock tower or steeple with Gothic windowsis unpardonable, and the cornices attheir angles are so broke, as to appear verydisgustful to an architect.

Royal Exchange Assurance Office,for assuring houses and other buildings,goods, wares and merchandize from fire.This corporation was established by act ofParliament, at the same time with that ofthe London Assurance, when it was enacted,that such as should be admitted282members of these corporations, should beeach a distinct and separate body politic,for the assurance of goods, ships and merchandizeat sea, or for lending money uponbottomry.

That no other society should insureships, or lend money on bottomry for thefuture; though any private person mightdo it as usual.

And that each of these corporations,in consideration of the many benefits thatmight accrue to them by their charters,should pay the sum of 300,000l. into hisMajesty’s Exchequer, for discharging thedebts of the civil list.

These corporations however met withso little encouragement at first, that Maitlandsays, the crown was obliged to remitmost part of the money.

By a second charter granted to this corporation,they are impowered not only toinsure ships, but houses, goods and lives.Maitland.

This society therefore, by this last mentionedcharter, assure all buildings, householdfurniture, wearing apparel by specialagreement, and goods, wares, and merchandize,the property of the assured,except glass and china ware not in trade,and all manner of writings, books of accompts,notes, bills, bonds, tallies, ready283money, jewels, plate, pictures, gunpowder,hay, straw, and corn unthreshed, from lossor damage by fire, upon the followingconditions.

I. All manner of stone and brick buildings,covered with slate, tile, or lead,wherein no hazardous trades are carriedon, nor any hazardous goods deposited,are considered as Common Assurances,and are assured upon these terms: anysum above 100l. and not exceeding 1000l.at 2s. per cent. per annum; any sum above1000l. and not exceeding 3000l. at 2s. 6d.per cent. per annum.

II. To accommodate those who are desirousof being assured for a term of years,this corporation will assure on such buildingsor goods, any sum not exceeding 1000l. atthe rate of 12s. per cent. for seven years,and as far as 2000l. at the rate of 14s. percent. without subjecting the assured to anycalls or contributions to make good losses.

III. Assurances on buildings and goods,are deemed distinct and separate adventures;so that the premium on goods isnot advanced by reason of any assuranceon the building wherein the goods arekept, nor the premium on the building byreason of any assurance on the goods.

IV. Plaister or timber buildings coveredwith lead, tile, or slate, wherein no284hazardous trades are carried on, nor anyhazardous goods deposited; and goods ormerchandize not hazardous in such buildings,are termed Hazardous Assurances,and insured upon the following terms:any sum above 100l. and not exceeding1000l. at 3s. per cent. per annum: anysum above 1000l. and not exceeding 2000l.at 4s. per cent. per annum: and any sumabove 2000l. and not exceeding 3000l. at5s. per cent. per annum.

V. Hazardous trades, such as apothecaries,colourmen, bread and bisket bakers,ship and tallow chandlers, innholders andstable-keepers, carried on in brick or stonebuildings, covered with slate, tile, or lead;and hazardous goods, such as hemp, flax,pitch, tar, tallow, and turpentine, depositedin such buildings, may be assured atthe annual premiums, set down under thehead of Hazardous Assurances, in theabove article.

VI. Any of the above hazardous tradescarried on, or hazardous goods deposited intimber or plaister buildings; earthen,glass, or china ware in trade, and thatchedbuildings, or goods therein, are termedDoubly Hazardous Assurances, and maybe assured on the following premiums:any sum above 100l. and not exceeding1000l. at 5s. per cent. per annum: and285any sum above 1000l. and not exceeding3000l. at 7s. 6d. per cent. per annum.

VII. Assurances of mills, wearing apparel,and assurances to chemists, distillers,and sugar-bakers, or any other assurancesmore than ordinarily hazardous,by reason of the trade, nature of the goods,narrowness of the place, or other dangerouscirc*mstances, may be made by specialagreement.

VIII. Two dwelling houses, or any onedwelling house, and the out-houses thereuntobelonging, or any one dwellinghouse, and goods therein, may be includedin the sum of 100l. But when severalbuildings, or buildings and goods are assuredin the same policy, the sum assuredon each is to be particularly mentioned.

IX. To prevent frauds, if any buildingsor goods assured by this corporation, are,or shall be assured with any other corporationor society, the policy granted by thiscorporation is to be null and void, unlesssuch other assurance is allowed by endorsem*nton the policy.

X. Every person upon application tobe assured with this company, is to deposite8s. 6d. for the policy and mark, which8s. 6d. is to be returned, if the assuranceproposed is not agreed to. No policy isto be of any force, till the premium for286one year is paid. And for all subsequentannual payments made at the office, theassured are to take receipts, stamped withthe seal of the corporation, no other beingallowed of.

XI. No policy is to be extended, orconstrued to extend to the assurance ofany hazardous buildings or goods, unlessthey are expressly mentioned in the policy,and the respective premium for such assurancesbe paid for the same.

XII. No loss or damage by fire happeningby any invasion, foreign enemy,or any military or usurped power whatsoever,is to be made good.

XIII. All persons assured by this corporation,are, upon any loss or damage byfire, forthwith to give notice thereof byletter or otherwise, to the Directors or Secretary,at their office in the Royal Exchange,London; and within fifteen daysafter such fire, deliver in as particular anaccount of their loss or damage, as the natureof the case will admit of, and makeproof of the same, by the oath or affirmationof themselves, and their domestics, orservants, and by their books of accompts,or other proper vouchers, as shall be required;and also to procure a certificateunder the hands of the Minister andChurch-wardens, together with some287other reputable inhabitants of the parish,not concerned in such loss, importing,that they are well acquainted with thecharacter and circ*mstances of the suffereror sufferers; and do know, or verily believe,that he, she, or they, have really andby misfortune, sustained by such fire, theloss and damage therein mentioned. Andin case any difference shall arise betweenthe corporation and the assured, touchingany loss or damage, such difference shallbe submitted to the judgment and determinationof arbitrators indifferently chosen,whose award in writing shall be conclusiveand binding to all parties. Andwhen any loss or damage is settled andadjusted, the sufferer or sufferers are to receiveimmediate satisfaction for the same.

In adjusting losses on houses, no wainscot,painting, sculpture, or carved work,is to be valued at more than three shillingsper yard.

Any larger sum, and some of the goodsexcepted in the preamble, may be assuredby special agreement.

For the timely assistance of such as areassured, this corporation has several enginesand men, with proper instruments toextinguish fires, and also porters for removinggoods, each of whom has a badge,upon which is the figure of the Royal288Exchange, and the badges are all numbered;of which all persons are desired totake notice who intrust them with goods,or have any complaint to make. Thesame figure is fixed on buildings assuredby this corporation.

The Royal Exchange Assurance officeis under the management of a Governor,Sub-Governor, Deputy-Governor, andtwenty-four Directors; besides whomthere are a Treasurer, a Secretary, anAccomptant, and several Clerks.

Royal Mews. See the article Mews.

Royal Oak alley, 1. Barnaby street. 2.Ratcliff.

Royal Oak court, 1. Kent street, Southwark.*2. Parker’s lane, Drury lane.* 3.Peak street, Swallow street.*

Royal Oak yard, 1. Barnaby street,Southwark.* 2. Hockley in the Hole.*3. Whitecross street, Cripplegate.*

Royal row, 1. Lambeth marsh. 2. NearWindmill hill.

Royal’s court, Horselydown lane, Southwark.

Royal Society, in Crane court, Fleetstreet. This society, which took its rise froma private society of learned and ingeniousmen, was founded for the improvementof natural knowledge. The honourable289Robert Boyle, Sir William Petty, Dr.Seth Ward, Dr. Wilkins, Dr. Wallis,Dr. Goddard, Dr. Willis, Dr. Bathurst,and Dr. Wren, together with Mr. MatthewWren and Mr. Rook, frequentlymet in the apartments of Dr. Wilkins, inWadham College, at Oxford, to discourseon philosophical subjects; and there thelearned productions of these gentlemen,not only eminently distinguished that societyat home, but also rendered it highlyrevered by the literati abroad.

The meetings of these literati, whichbegan about the year 1650, continued atOxford till 1658, when the members beingcalled to different parts of the kingdom,on account of their respective functions;and the majority coming to thiscity, they constantly attended the astronomicaland geometrical lectures at Greshamcollege, where, being joined by severalpersons of the greatest learning anddistinction, they continued to meet thereonce or twice a week, till the death ofOliver Cromwell: when anarchy succeeding,they were obliged to quit their placeof meeting, on account of its being convertedinto military quarters for the receptionof soldiers.

However, the storm being soon afterallayed by the restoration of King290Charles II. the society began to resumetheir meetings, and for the more effectuallycarrying them on, entered into anobligation to pay each one shilling aweek, towards the defraying of occasionalcharges.

From these small beginnings, this societysoon arose to be one of the mostcelebrated in all Europe: for their designbeing favoured by some ingenious menwho had followed the King in his exile,his Majesty granted them a charter, datedthe 15th of July 1662, and then a secondcharter, dated the 22d of April 1663,whereby they were denominated, The RoyalSociety, and made a corporation, to consistof a President, Council, and Fellows, forpromoting natural knowledge and usefularts, by experiments; in this charter hisMajesty declared himself their founder andpatron, giving them power to make lawsfor the government of themselves; to purchaselands and houses; to have a commonseal, and a coat of arms.

No sooner was this Royal Society thusincorporated by King Charles II. than thatPrince made them a present of a fine silvermace gilt, to be carried before the President;and as a farther mark of favour,their royal patron, by his letters patent ofthe 8th of April 1667, gave them Chelsea291college with its appurtenances, and twenty-sixor twenty-seven acres of land surroundingit. But afterwards the society neglectingto convert a part of it into aphysic garden, as was intended, and theKing being resolved to erect an hospitalfor old and maimed soldiers, thought noplace more proper for such a design thanthis college; he therefore purchased itagain of them for a considerable sum.

A little before the society received theseletters patent from his Majesty, the honourableHenry Howard, afterwards Dukeof Norfolk, made them a present of a veryvaluable library, on the 2d of January1666.

This collection was part of the royallibrary belonging to the Kings of Hungary,originally kept at the city of Buda.Upon the decease of Matthias Corvinus,the last King of the Hungarian race, it wasdisposed of, and about two thirds of thebooks were bought by the Emperor, andare now in the imperial library at Vienna:the remaining part coming to BilibaldusPerkeymherus of Nuremberg, it was purchasedof him by the Earl of Arundel, onhis return from his embassy to the imperialcourt.

This fine collection consists of 3287printed books in most languages and faculties;292chiefly the first editions soon afterthe invention of printing; and a valuablecollection of manuscripts in Hebrew,Greek, Latin, and Turkish, amounting to554 volumes, which, together with theformer, are thought to be of such value asnot to be parallelled, for the smallness oftheir number.

The noble benefactor, at the time ofhis donation, desired that the inscriptionof, Ex dono Henrici Howard Norfolkciensis,might be put in each book: and that incase the society should happen to fail, thelibrary should revert to his family. Thisthe society not only readily compliedwith, but some years after caused thefollowing inscription to be set up in thelibrary:

Besides this Arundelian or Norfolk library,which takes up a large room, anothercurious and valuable collection wasleft the society in the year 1715, by theirSecretary Francis Aston, Esq; which togetherwith the numerous benefactions ofthe works of the learned members, in allfaculties, but more especially in naturaland experimental philosophy, amount toabove 3600, and are placed in glass casesin another room.

The museum belonging to the society,was founded by Daniel Colwall, Esq; inthe year 1677, who gave his excellent collectionof natural and artificial curiosities,which compose the greatest part of thecatalogue published in the year 1681, byDr. Grew, under the title of Museum RegalisSocietatis. But these curiosities, bythe generous benefactions of other curiouspersons, are now increased to above sixtimes the number of those mentioned inthe catalogue.

294Upon the society’s removal from Greshamcollege to their house in Cranecourt, Richard Waller, Esq; one of theSecretaries, erected in the year 1711, athis own expence, the repository in thegarden for the reception of the above curiosities,which consist of the followingspecies, viz. human, quadrupedes, birds,eggs, nests, fishes, insects, reptiles, woods,stalks and roots; fruits of all sorts; mosses,mushrooms, plants, spunges, &c. animaland vegetable bodies petrified; corals, andother marine productions; fossils, gems,stones, metals, antimony, mercury, andother metallic bodies, salts, sulphurs, oils,and earths; philosophical and mathematicalinstruments; Indian, American, andother weapons, with a variety of apparel,&c.

In short, by the above Royal and otherbenefactions, the admission money, andannual contributions of the members, thissociety was at length in so flourishing acondition, that they applied to his lateMajesty King George I. for an additionalprivilege to purchase in mortmain 1000l.instead of 200l. per annum, which he waspleased to grant by his letters patent, in1725. Among the Fellows of this societyare his Majesty King George II. and manyof the greatest Princes in Europe.

295This learned body is governed by aPresident and Council, consisting oftwenty-one Fellows, distinguished bytheir rank and learning.

The officers chosen from among themembers, are, the President, who callsand dissolves the meetings, proposes thesubjects of consultation, puts questions,calls for experiments, and admits themembers that are from time to time receivedinto the society.

The Treasurer, who receives and disbursesall the money.

The two Secretaries, who read all lettersand informations; reply to all addressesor letters from foreign parts, or at home;register all experiments and conclusions,and publish what is ordered by the society.

The Curators, who have the charge ofmaking experiments, receive the directionsof the society, and at another meetingbring all to the test.

Every person to be elected a Fellow ofthe Royal Society, must be propoundedand recommended at a meeting of the society,by three or more members; whomust then deliver to one of the Secretariesa paper signed by themselves with theirown names, specifying the name, addition,profession, occupation, and chief qualifications;296the inventions, discoveries, works,writings, or other productions of the candidatefor election; as also notifying theusual place of his abode, and recommendinghim on their own personal knowledge.A fair copy of which paper, withthe date of the day when delivered, shallbe fixed up in the common meeting roomof the society, at ten several ordinarymeetings, before the said candidate shallbe put to the ballot: but it shall be freefor every one of his Majesty’s subjects,who is a Peer, or the son of a Peer, ofGreat Britain or Ireland, and for everyone of his Majesty’s Privy Council of eitherof the said kingdoms, and for everyforeign Prince or Ambassador, to be propoundedby any single person, and to beput to the ballot for election on the sameday, there being present a competentnumber for making elections. And atevery such ballot, unless two thirds at leastof the members present give their bills infavour of the candidate, he cannot beelected a Fellow of the Royal Society;nor can any candidate be balloted for, unlesstwenty-one members at the least bepresent.

After a candidate has been elected, hemay at that, or the next meeting of thesociety, be introduced, and solemnly admitted297by the President, after having previouslysubscribed the obligation, wherebyhe promises, “That he will endeavourto promote the good of the Royal Societyof London, for the improvementof natural knowledge.”

When any one is admitted, he pays afee of five guineas, and afterwards 13s. aquarter, as long as he continues a member,towards defraying the expences of the society;and for the payment thereof hegives a bond; but most of the memberson their first admittance chuse to pay downtwenty guineas, which discharges themfrom any future payments.

Any Fellow may however free himselffrom these obligations, by only writing tothe President, that he desires to withdrawfrom the society.

When the President takes the chair,the rest of the Fellows take their seats,and those who are not of the society withdraw:except any Baron of England,Scotland, and Ireland, any person of ahigher title, or any of his Majesty’sPrivy Council of any of his three kingdoms,and any foreigner of eminent repute,may stay, with the allowance of thePresident, for that time; and upon leaveobtained of the President and Fellowspresent, or the major part of them, any298other person may be permitted to stay forthat time: but the name of every personthus permitted to stay, that of the personwho moved for him, and the allowance,are to be entered in the journal book.

The business of the society in their ordinarymeetings, is, to order, take account,consider and discourse of philosophical experimentsand observations; to read, hear,and discourse upon letters, reports, andother papers, containing philosophicalmatters; as also to view and discourseupon the rarities of nature and art, and toconsider what may be deduced from them,and how far they may be improved foruse or discovery.

No experiment can be made at thecharge of the society, but by order ofthe society or council. And in order tothe propounding and making experimentsfor the society, the importance of suchexperiment is to be considered with respectto the discovery of any truth, or tothe use and benefit of mankind.

The Philosophical Transactions areprinted at the charge of the society, andthe Clerk delivers gratis one of the copiesto every Fellow of the Society who shalldemand it, either in person, or by letter underthe hand of such Fellow, within one299year after the Clerk has begun to deliversuch copies.

If any Fellow of the society shall contemptuouslyor contumaciously disobey thestatutes or orders of the society; or shallby speaking, writing, or printing, publiclydefame the society, or maliciously doany thing to the detriment thereof, heshall be ejected.

The meetings of the Royal Society areon Thursdays, at five o’clock in the afternoon.

The members of the Council are electedout of the Fellows, upon the feast ofSt. Andrew in the morning; when afterthe election they all dine together.

Eleven of the old council are chosen forthe ensuing year; and ten are electedout of the other members. Then thePresident, Treasurer, and Secretary areelected out of these. But the same personsare usually rechosen into these offices.

Royal vineyard, St. James’s Park.

Rug row, Cloth fair, Smithfield.

Rumford, a town in Essex, 12 miles fromLondon, and 5 from Burntwood, is a verygreat thoroughfare, and is governed by aBailiff and Wardens, who are by patentimpowered to hold a weekly court for thetrial of treasons, felonies, debts, &c. and300to execute offenders. It has a market onMondays and Tuesdays for hogs andcalves, and on Wednesday for corn, all ofwhich are chiefly bought up for the useof London.

Rummer court, Charing Cross.

Run-horse yard, David street, Grosvenorsquare.*

Rupert street, 1. Coventry street. 2. Goodman’sfields.

Russel court, 1. Blue Anchor alley, Rosemarylane.† 2. Cleveland row, St.James’s.† 3. Drury lane.† 4. Ratcliffhighway.†

Russel’s Mill stairs, Rotherhith.†

Russel street, Covent Garden; so calledfrom the Duke of Bedford, upon whoseestate it is built.

Russia Company, a body of merchantsincorporated by letters patent, granted byQueen Mary on the 6th of February1555, by which they were not only impoweredto carry on an exclusive trade toall parts of the Russian empire, but to allsuch countries as they should discover inthose northern parts. In consequence ofthis charter, they soon after discovered theCherry Islands, Greenland, Nova Zembla,Newfoundland, Davis’s Streights, andHudson’s Bay; and their first Governor301was that celebrated mariner SebastianCabot.

In consideration of these valuable discoveries,their privileges were confirmedby Parliament; and in the year 1614 enlargedby King James I.

In the year 1742, the Russia companyobtained leave of the present Czarina Elizabeth,to trade with Persia thro’ Russia,and between the years 1743 and 1749,Mr. Hanway observes, they imported rawsilk to the amount of 93,375l. value inPersia: but Mr. Elton, one of the company’sagents, being employed by KouliKhan, who then sat on the Persianthrone, to build some ships of force on theCaspian sea, the Russians apprehended theyshould be disturbed by the Persians in theirnavigation over that sea, and thereforeput an end to the traffic of the BritishRussia company through Russia to Persia.

This company exports cloth of all sorts,both dressed and dyed; kersies, baize,cottons, fustians, perpetuanoes, Norwichstuffs, lace, thread, lead, tin, pewter,allum, copper, and most other sorts ofEnglish commodities: and we importfrom thence, cordage, tar, tallow, potashes,cable yarn, bees wax, linen cloth,isinglass, hides of several sorts, bothtanned and raw; hogs bristles, linseed,302several sorts of rich furrs, train oil, flax,hemp, caviare, stock fish, cod fish, salmon,&c.

This company is under the managementof a Governor, four Consuls, andtwenty-four Assistants, annually chosenon the 1st of March, who keep theircourts monthly, or as occasion requires, ina large room in the Old East India housein Leadenhall street: but considered as acompany, their trade at present is not veryconsiderable; it being carried on chieflyby private merchants, who are admittedto reap the profit of trading to Russia, onpaying 5l. each.

Rutland court, 1. Charterhouse square.2. Glasshouse yard, Goswell street. 3.Near Puddle dock, Thames street.

Rycaut’s court, Morgan’s lane.†

S.

Sacrist of St. Paul’s cathedral, an officerwho is assistant to the Treasurer. Heis to keep every thing in order belongingto the altar, and to open the churchdoors at the first ringing of the bell formorning and evening prayers. This officer303when chosen by the Treasurer, mustbe presented to the Dean for his approbation,by whom he is admitted upontaking an oath to discharge his office withfidelity.

The Sacrist has three servants underhim, called Vergers, who also keep servantsfor cleaning the church, tolling thebell, blowing the organ bellows, and otherservile business. Newc. Rep.

Sadlers, a very ancient company, thoughit was not incorporated by letters patenttill the reign of Edward I. They aregoverned by a Prime and three otherWardens, with eighteen Assistants, andhave a livery of seventy members, whosefine on their admission is 10l. They havea very handsome hall in Cheapside.Maitland.

Sadlers alley, Dorset street.

Sadlers court, Milford lane.

Saffron hill, 1. Field lane, at the bottomof Snow hill. 2. Hockley in the Hole.

Salisbury alley, Chiswell street.

Salisbury court, Dorset street, Fleet street;so called from the Bishop of Salisbury’scity mansion there; afterwards the Earlof Dorset’s.

Salisbury lane, Rotherhith Wall.

Salisbury stairs, Salisbury street, in theStrand.

304Salisbury street, 1. Marigold street, RotherhithWall. 2. In the Strand; so calledfrom the Earl of Salisbury’s house,which formerly stood there.

Salisbury walk, Chelsea road.

Salmon’s lane, Ratcliff.†

Salt Office, in York Buildings, is underthe government of five Commissioners,each of whom has a salary of 500l. perannum. Under these Commissioners arethe following officers: a Treasurer, whohas 430l. a year, for himself and threeClerks; he has also a Deputy: two Billmen:a Comptroller, who has 350l.a year, with a Deputy and two Clerks:the Comptroller’s Secretary has 200l. ayear, and an Assistant: an AccomptantGeneral, who has 200l. per annum, andhis Clerk 40l. a year: a Correspondent,who has 100l. a year, and his Clerk 60l.a Chief Accomptant and Clerk of Securities,who has 180l. per annum: twoAccomptants, who have 70l. a year each,a Clerk, who has 60l. and another 40l.per annum: a Storekeeper and Clerk ofthe charities and diaries, who has 60l.a year; a Collector of the port of London,who has 60l. an Assistant Searcher 60l.and two Surveyors who have 40l. a yeareach.

Besides these, there are in this office305an housekeeper who has 100l. a year, andseveral other servants.

Salters, one of the twelve principal companies,and the ninth in order of precedency,is of considerable antiquity, sincethey had the grant of a livery from RichardII. in the year 1394; but it doesnot appear that they were incorporatedbefore the first year of the reign of QueenElizabeth, in 1558.

This company has a Master, two Wardens,twenty-seven Assistants, and a liveryof 190 members, who upon their beingadmitted, pay a fine of 20l. They havea very considerable estate, out of whichthey pay 500l. per annum to charitableuses. Their hall, which is a plain brickbuilding, is situated in a neat court inSwithin’s lane.

Salters alley, 1. Green bank, Wapping.2. Nightingale lane.

Salters court, Piccadilly.

Salters Hall court, in Swithin’s lane,where is Salters hall, in which is a handsomepresbyterian meeting-house.

Saltpetre Bank, 1. East Smithfield, byLittle Tower hill. 2. By Rosemary lane.

Salutation court, St. Giles’s Broadway.*

Sambrook’s court, Old Broad street.†

Sambrugh’s court, Basinghall street.†

306Samson’s rents, Green Walk.†

Sandwich court, Houndsditch.†

Sandy’s rents, Coverley’s fields.†

Sandy’s street, Widegate alley, Bishopsgatestreet without.†

Sarah’s street, New Gravel lane.

Sarn alley, Rotherhith Wall.†

Satchell’s rents, 1. Shoreditch.† 2.Whitecross street, Cripplegate.†

Savage gardens, Tower hill.†

Savage’s court, Widegate alley, Bishopsgatestreet.†

Savage’s rents, Black Friars.†

Savery’s alley, Farmer’s street, Shadwell.†

Savile row, near New Bond street.†

St. Saviour’s Bermondsey, a priory, and afterwardsan abbey, founded by AlwinChild, a citizen of London, in the year1082, in the place now denominatedSt. John’s court Bermondsey.

This priory was not only confirmed bythe charter of William Rufus, togetherwith all the benefactions belonging to it;but that Prince also conferred upon thePrior and Monks the manor of Bermondsey,and erected a handsome and spaciousconventual church for their accommodation.This priory, however, being analien and a cell to one in France, it wasamong other foreign foundations sequesteredby Edward III. in the year 1371,307who constituted Richard Denton, an Englishman,Prior thereof.

This priory was in 1391 converted intoan abbey; and at the general suppressionof monasteries in the year 1539 was surrenderedto Henry VIII. when beinggranted to Sir John Pope, he demolishedthe old abbey, and erected in its room astately edifice, which some time after cameto the Earls of Sussex. Stow’s Survey.

St. Saviour’s dock, vulgarly called Savorydock, in Rotherhith, took its name fromthe above abbey, dedicated to the holySaviour. Maitland.

St. Saviour’s Mill, vulgarly called Savorymill, also belonged to the above abbey, andwas in the year 1536 let by the Abbotand Monks to John Curlew, at the yearlyrent of 6l. which was then the value ofeighteen quarters of good wheat; and hewas also bound to grind all the corn usedin the abbey.

In the place where this mill stood, isnow an engine for raising water to supplythe neighbourhood. Maitland.

St. Saviour’s School, in St. Saviour’schurch yard, Southwark, was founded bythe parish, for the education of boys ingrammatical learning, and confirmed byletters patent granted by Queen Elizabeth,so early as the year 1562, and the308fourth of her reign; by which six of thevestry are for ever appointed Governors.

To this school belong a Master andUsher, the former of whom has a salaryof 30l. and the latter 20l. per annum.

St. Saviour’s Southwark, or St. MaryOveries, a church of great antiquity,situated to the south west of the bridgefoot. In the place where it stands, issaid to have been anciently a priory ofnuns founded by one Mary a Virgin, theowner of a ferry over the river Thames,before the building of London bridge.Some time after the priory was convertedinto a college of Priests; but that establishment,as well as the former, provingof no long duration, it was in the year1106 founded by two Norman Knights,and the Bishop of Winchester, for Canonsregular, and from its dedication to theVirgin Mary, and its situation, was calledSt. Mary Overie, that is, St. Mary overthe river.

This edifice was destroyed by fireabout the year 1207; but it being soonafter rebuilt, Peter de Rupibus, Bishop ofWinchester, added to it a spacious chapel,which he dedicated to St. Mary Magdalen;and this being afterwards appointedfor the use of the inhabitants, it at lastbecame their parish church.

309The monastery and church were rebuiltin the reigns of Richard II. andHenry IV. but at the general suppressionof religious houses were surrendered toHenry VIII. in the year 1539; uponwhich the parishes of St. Mary Magdalen,and St. Margaret, purchased theconventual church of King Henry; andwere the next year united by act of Parliament,and the church being then repaired,was called by the new name ofSt. Saviour’s. Stowe.

Both the construction and extent ofthis Gothic structure resemble a cathedralmore than a parish church. The lengthis 260 feet, and that of the cross isle 109:the breadth of the body is 54 feet, and theheight of the tower, including the pinacles,is 150 feet. The construction ofthe windows, entrances, and every otherpart, is purely in the Gothic style, excepta modern door, which is neither Gothic,nor agreeable to the rules of any otherarchitecture. The tower, which is square,and well proportioned, is supported bymassy pillars over the meeting of themiddle and cross isles; it is crowned withbattlements, and has a pinacle at eachcorner.

In a chapel at the east end of thechurch is the monument of Bishop Andrews,310who was interred there; and inanother part of the church is that of theBishop of Winchester; but the most singularmonument is that of the family ofthe Austins, erected in the last century,and repaired, new painted, and gilt bythe relations in 1706.

The first figure is a rock, upon which iswritten, Petra erat XTS. that is, Therock was Christ. Down this rock runs astream of water; and out of it glides aserpent, his old skin being stript off bythe rock, which is seen hanging on thatpart of his back that is not yet got thro’.At the foot of the rock there grows standingcorn, on which is a label with thesewords, Si non moriatur, non reviviscit,that is, If it dieth not, it liveth not again.Underneath the corn is this motto, Nossevit, fovit, lavit, coget, renovabit, i.e.He hath sown, cherished, washed us, andshall gather us together and renew us.

Upon the top of the rock stands an angel,holding a sickle in his left hand, andwith his right pointing to the sun, whichshines, and on its lower rays is a label,upon which is, Sol justitiæ, i.e. The Sunof righteousness.

On the sides of the monument arescythes, flails, shepherds crooks, rakes,311ploughs, harrows, and other instrumentsof husbandry hanging by a ribband out ofa Death’s head; and above them, Vos estisagricultura, i.e. Ye are God’s husbandry.

On the outside of these a harvest manwith wings is seated on each side, onewith a fork behind him, and the otherwith a rake. They have straw hats, andlean their heads upon their hands, the elbowsresting upon their knees, as if fatiguedwith labour, and under them arethese words, Messores congregabunt, i.e.The reapers shall gather. Under all is awinnowing fan, upon which is stretcheda sheet of parchment bearing a long inscriptionin Latin.

Though the name of this church hasbeen changed from St. Mary Overies tothat of St. Saviour, yet the former stillprevails. It is a rectory in the gift of theparish, and the profits arising to the twoChaplains, are said to amount to above300l. per annum.

Savory dock. See St. Saviour’s dock.

Savory Mill. See St. Saviour’s mill.

Savory mill stairs, corruptly so called, Rotherhith.See St. Saviour’s mill stairs.

Savoy, or Lancaster Palace, is situated tothe westward of Somerset house, betweenthe Strand and the Thames. This placeobtained the name of the Savoy, from312Peter Earl of Savoy and Richmond, whobuilt it about the year 1245, and afterwardstransferred it to the friars of Montjoy,of whom Queen Eleanor, the wife ofKing Henry III. purchased it for her sonHenry Duke of Lancaster. The Dukeafterwards enlarged and beautified it, atthe expence of 52,000 marks, at thattime an immense sum. Here John Kingof France resided, when a prisoner inEngland in the year 1357, and upon hisreturn hither in 1363, when it was esteemedone of the finest palaces in England.

This edifice was burnt in 1381 by theKentish rebels, on account of some piquethey had conceived against John of Gaunt,Duke of Lancaster, who was then theproprietor. But the ground afterwardsdevolving to the Crown, King Henry VII.began to rebuild it as it at present appears,for an hospital, for the reception of anhundred distressed objects; but that Princenot living to see it compleated, HenryVIII. his son, not only granted his manorof the Savoy to the Bishop of Winchesterand others, the executors of his father’swill, towards finishing the hospital; butby his charter of the 5th of July 1513,constituted them a body politic and corporate,to consist of a Master, five secularChaplains, and four Regulars, in honour313of Jesus Christ, his Mother, and St. JohnBaptist; the foundation to be denominatedThe hospital of King Henry VII. lateKing of England, of the Savoy.

This hospital was suppressed in thereign of Edward VI. when the revenueswere found to amount to 530l. per annum,which that Prince gave to the city ofLondon towards making a provision forthe hospitals of Bridewell, Christ-church,and St. Thomas: but Queen Mary convertedit into an hospital again, and havingendowed it anew, her Ladies and Maids ofhonour completely furnished it, at theirown expence, with all necessaries. Howeverthe hospital was again suppressed uponthe accession of Queen Elizabeth tothe throne, and the revenues applied tothe uses intended by her brother.

Nothing here is now to be seen, butthe ruins of the ancient edifice built withfree-stone and flints, among which is stillremaining part of a great building, inwhich detachments of the King’s guardslie, and where they have their Marshalseaprison for the confinement of desertersand other offenders, and to lodge theirrecruits.

A part of the Savoy was assigned byKing William III. for the residence of theFrench refugees, who have still a chapel314here, in which they conform to thechurch of England. Stowe. Dugdale’sMon. Ang.

Saw court, Fore street, Cripplegate.

Sawyer’s court, Houndsditch.†

Sawyer’s yard, 1. Hosier lane. 2. Towerstreet, Soho.

Scalding alley, in the Poultry. In thisalley was formerly a large house, knownby the name of the Scalding-house; forthe street called the Poultry containing anumber of Poulterers stalls, the fowlsthey sold there were first scalded in thishouse. Maitland.

Scallop court, Creed lane, Ludgate street.

School alley, East Smithfield.☐

School lane, Jamaica street, Rotherhith.☐

School yard, Ailesbury street, Clerkenwell.☐

Schoolhouse alley, Swan alley.☐

Schoolhouse lane, 1. Ailesbury street.☐2. Brooke street, Ratcliff.☐

Schoolhouse yard, 1. Rose street, Shoreditch.☐2. Schoolhouse lane, Ratcliff.☐3. Sutton street, St. John’s street, Clerkenwell.☐

Schools. Of these we have given an accountunder the names of their particularfoundations; the most famous and nobleof these, are, the Charterhouse, Mercersschool, Merchant Taylors school, St.315Paul’s school, and Westminster school;and among those for the instruction of thelower class, is Christ-church school, anoble foundation for the education andsupport of the children of deceased citizens,and a great number of smallerfoundations, as, St. Olave’s school, Ratcliffschool, Tothill fields school, and severalothers; all of which the readermay find under their respective articles.

In these schools, exclusive of Christ-churchhospital, are educated 2888 boys,and 285 girls; the charge of whose education,&c. exclusive of those which belongto hospitals and almshouses, amounts,according to Maitland, to the annual sumof 1990l.

Besides these, which are supported byregular funds, there are a great numberdenominated Charity Schools, thathave no other foundation and support,than generous benefactions, annual subscriptions,and the charitable collectionsmade in the several churches in this cityand suburbs. Of these we shall give alist, with the number of the boys andgirls in each.

319Thus in these charity schools are educated3458 boys, and 1901 girls, in all5359. Mr. Maitland has been at somepains in endeavouring to learn the respectivecharges of the above schools;but not being able to obtain an account ofeach, he has endeavoured to settle as nearas possible the expence of maintaining thewhole, and that by a method equallyplain and satisfactory: for having foundthat the parish school of St. Andrew’s,Holborn, which contains eighty boys,cost in one year 272l. 2s. 9d. and seventygirls in the same school 139l. 14s. 6d. hecomputed, that as the charge of eightyboys amounts to 272l. 2s. 9d. so that of3458 boys must amount to 11,763l. 2s.10¼d. and so, by the same method ofcalculation, as the expence of seventygirls amounts to 139l. 14s. 6d. that of1901 girls must amount to 3794l. 10s.7½d. per annum; whence it appears, thatthe whole expence of all the said charitychildren amounts to 15,557l. 13s. 5¾d.per annum.

The same author adds, that the annualexpence of the above free-schools, exclusiveof those belonging to the hospitalsand almshouses, amounting to 1990l. itappears that the expence of these schools,320added to that of the charity schools,amount in all to 17,547l. 13s. 3¾d.

As to the number of private schools inthis metropolis and its suburbs, for educatingyouth in all kinds of literature, theyare supposed to amount to above threethousand. Maitland.

Score’s alley, East Smithfield.†

Scotland yard, Whitehall; so namedfrom a palace which formerly stood therefor the reception of the Kings of Scotland,when they came to do homage forthe county of Cumberland, and other fiefsheld by them of the Crown of England.Stow’s Survey.

Scots Corporation, for the relief ofpoor and necessitous people of thatcountry. This corporation owes its originto James Kinnier, a Scotsman, andmerchant of this city; who on his recoveryfrom a long and dangerous illness,resolved to give part of his estate towardsthe relief of the aged and necessitous ofhis country, within the cities of Londonand Westminster: and having prevailedwith a society of his countrymen, whocomposed a box club, to join their stock,applied for a charter, by which he and hisco-adjutors were, in the year 1665, constituteda body politic and corporate,321with several privileges, which KingCharles II. confirmed the following yearby letters patent, wherein are recited theprivileges granted in the former charter,with the addition of several new ones,viz.

That they might erect an hospitalwithin the city or liberties of London andWestminster, to be called, The Scots hospitalof King Charles II. to be governed byeight Scotsmen, who were to chuse fromamong themselves a Master, who, togetherwith these Governors, were declaredto be a body politic and corporate, and tohave a common seal. They were alsoimpowered to elect thirty-three Assistants,and to purchase in mortmain 400l. perannum, over and above an annual summentioned in the first charter; the profitsarising from these purchases to be employedin relieving poor old Scots menand women, and instructing and employingpoor Scottish orphans, the descendantsof Scotsmen within this city.

This humane foundation had howeverlike to have been crushed in its bud bytwo very dreadful events, the plague, andthe fire of London; which happened inthe very years when the charters weregranted. However, those who had thedirection of the work began in the year3221670 to prosecute it with vigour; andfound themselves not only in a conditionto provide for their poor, but took a leaseof a piece of ground in Black Friars, tobuild upon, for the term of a thousandyears, at a ground-rent of 40l. and bycharitable contributions were enabled toerect their hall, with two houses at Fleetditch,and four in Black Friars, whichwere soon after finished at the expence of4450l.

All matters relating to the corporationare managed by the Governors withoutfee or reward; for they not only, upon allsuch occasions, spend their own money,but contribute quarterly for the support ofthe society, and the relief of the poor;they provide for the sick; to the reducedand aged they grant pensions; they burythe dead, and give money to such as aredisposed to return to Scotland. The sumsdisbursed by the society amount to about600l. per annum.

The officers belonging to this corporationare, a Treasurer, a Register, twoStewards, and a Beadle.

Scot’s wharf, White Friars, Fleet street.†

Scot’s yard, 1. Bush lane.† 2. Mill bank,Westminster.† 3. Montague street, Spitalfields.†4. Stony lane, Southwark.†5. Whitecross street.†

323Scriveners, a fraternity anciently denominatedThe Writers of the court letterof the city of London, was incorporatedby letters patent granted by King James I.in the year 1616, by the name of TheMaster, Wardens, and Assistants of the Societyof Writers of the city of London.

This company is governed by a Master,two Wardens, and twenty-four Assistants,with fifty-three livery-men, who upontheir admission pay a fine of 5l.

The company of Scriveners being reducedto low circ*mstances, thought properto sell their hall in Noble street to theCoachmakers company.

Scroop’s court, Holborn. In this court ancientlystood one of the Inns of courtcalled Scroop’s Inn.

Scrub’s square, Upper Ground, Southwark.

Sea alley, King street, Westminster.

The Office for the relief of Sea OfficersWidows. The Lords of the Admiraltyhaving taken into consideration, the unhappycondition to which the widows ofmany of the officers of the navy were reducedby the death of their husbands,proposed both to the commissioned andhalf-pay officers of the navy, to enter intoa voluntary agreement, to grant threepence in the pound out of their pay, towards324establishing a fund for allowingpensions to such of their widows as areleft in mean circ*mstances.

To this the officers readily consenting,the Lords Commissioners laid the affairbefore his present Majesty, who, to promoteso good a work, granted his letterspatent in the year 1732, directing thatthree pence in the pound be deductedfrom the pay and half-pay of all commissionand warrant officers of the navy;and to appoint the Lords Commissionersof the Admiralty, the Treasurer, Commissioners,Paymaster, and Cashier of thenavy, for the time being, twenty Captains,ten Lieutenants, five Masters, five Boatswains,five Gunners, five Carpenters, fivePursers, and five Surgeons of the navy,the eldest of their respective stations, to beGovernors of this corporation: out ofwhom are appointed a President, two VicePresidents, a Treasurer, and fifteen Assistants,as a committee for the managementof all the affairs belonging to thischarity.

The first Commissioner of the Admiraltyis to be always President; and theTreasurer of the navy to be always theTreasurer; but the two Vice Presidents,and fifteen Assistants, are to be elected annually.

325By the orders of this generous corporation,no officer or servant employedtherein, is to receive any salary, reward,or gratuity; the whole business beingtransacted gratis.

The first step taken by the Governorswas providing for the widows whose husbandsdied after the date of the aboveletters patent; who, in the first yearamounted to twenty-four, to whom pensionswere allowed, according to the followingregulations, viz. To the widow ofa Captain, 45l. per annum; to the widowof a Lieutenant or Master, 30l. and to thewidow of a Boatswain, Gunner, Carpenter,Purser, Surgeon, second Master of ayacht, or Master of a naval vessel appointedby the navy board, 20l. per annum.

The Lords Commissioners afterwardscommiserating the unhappy circ*mstancesof many poor widows, whose husbandsdied before this corporation was established,and therefore could receive no benefitfrom the fund which was justly appropriatedto the relief of the widows of thoseofficers who had paid to its support, renewedtheir application to his Majesty,who recommended their case to the Parliament;upon which it was enacted, thatone seaman should be allowed upon thebooks of every ship of war, in the sea-pay326in every hundred men that its complementshould consist of, and that the produceof the wages of such seamen, andthe value of their victuals should be givenand applied towards the relief of poorwidows of commission and warrant officersof the royal navy.

Seacoal lane, extends from Snow hill toFleet lane. Stowe thinks it was originallycalled Limeburners lane, and that ittook its present name from the burningof lime there with sea coal.

Seahorse alley, Durham yard, in theStrand.*

Searle’s square, Lincoln’s Inn.†

Searle’s street, Carey street, Lincoln’sInn.†

Searle’s wharf, near White Friars.†

Office of sick and hurt Seamen, and fortaking care of Prisoners of War, onTower hill, is under the government offour Commissioners, the first of whom has400l. per annum, and 65l. for house rent;and the other three 300l. a year. Theofficers under these Commissioners are, aSecretary, who has 200l. per annum; afirst Clerk, who has 100l. a year; andthree inferior Clerks, who have 60l.a year.

Office for sick and maimed Seamen in theMerchants Service, in the Royal327Exchange. The corporation who providefor these objects of distress, consists of anumber of merchants, who were incorporatedon the 24th of June 1747, andare governed by a President, and a Councilof twenty-one.

Secretary of State’s Office, Whitehall.The Kings of England had ancientlyno more than one Secretary ofstate, till about the end of the reign ofHenry VIII. when it was thought properthat this important office should be dischargedby two persons of equal authority,both stiled Principal Secretaries ofstate.

At that time they did not sit at thecouncil board; but having prepared theirbusiness in a room adjoining to the councilchamber, they came in, and stood on eitherhand of the King; when nothingwas done till they had gone through withtheir proposals. But Queen Elizabethseldom coming to council, that methodwas laid aside, and the Secretaries tooktheir places as Privy Counsellors, whichdignity they have enjoyed ever since, anda Council is seldom, or never, held withoutthe presence of, at least, one of them.

Their employment rendering their officea place of extraordinary trust, this, togetherwith the multiplicity of their business,328places them in a distinguished light,both in respect to the King and the people:for they attend almost every day upon hisMajesty, as occasion requires; the petitionsof the people are for the most partlodged in their hands, to be presented tothe King; and, in return, they make thedispatches, according to his Majesty’s answersand determinations.

The correspondence to all parts ofGreat Britain without distinction, relatingto the church, the army, the militia,grants, pardons, dispensations, &c. is managedby either of the Secretaries. Butas to foreign affairs, all the nations thathave any intercourse with Great Britain,are divided by them into two provinces,the northern and southern, each being underone of the Secretaries, as his separatedepartment. They have this special honour,that if either of them be a Baron,he takes place, and has the precedence ofall other persons of the same degree, tho’by creation they might have a right to precedehim: but if he is above the degreeof a Baron, he then takes place only accordingto the seniority of his creation.

Each of the Secretaries have lodgingsappointed for them in all the King’shouses; both for their own accommodation,for their office, and for those that329attend upon it. They have each a salaryof 3000l. a year; which, added to theirlawful perquisites, is said to make theirplaces worth 8000l. per annum each.

The Secretaries and Clerks they employunder them are wholly at their ownchoice, and have no dependence upon anyother person. These are,

In the northern department, two UnderSecretaries and Keepers of state papers, afirst Clerk, and ten other Clerks, a Gazettewriter, who has 300l. per annum;and a Secretary for the Latin tongue,whose salary is 200l. a year.

In the southern department are, twoUnder Secretaries, a first Clerk, sevenother Clerks; and a Law Clerk to both,who has a salary of 400l. per annum.

The Secretaries of state have also thecustody of the King’s seal, called the signet;the use and application of whichgives denomination to another office, calledthe Signet office. See the articleSignet Office.

There is also another office dependingon the Secretaries of state, called the Paperoffice; for which see that article.

Sedgwick’s rents, London Wall.†

Sedgwick’s yard, London Wall.†

Seething lane, Tower street.

330St. Sepulchre’s, on the north side of thetop of Snow hill near Newgate, and inthe ward of Faringdon without, owes itsname to its being dedicated in commemorationof Christ’s sepulchre at Jerusalem.It is of great antiquity, and wasprobably founded during the time, whenall Europe were employed in crusades tothe holy land; however, about the beginningof the twelfth century, it wasgiven by the Bishop of Salisbury to thePrior and Canons of St. Bartholomewin Smithfield, who, in virtue of thatgrant, had the right of advowson till thedissolution of their monastery, when comingto the Crown, it continued thereintill King James I. in the year 1610,granted the rectory and its appurtenances,with the advowson of the vicarage, toFrancis Philips and others; after whichthe rectory with its appurtenances werepurchased by the parishioners, to be heldin fee-farm of the Crown, while the advowsonwas obtained by the President andFellows of St. John Baptist’s college inOxford, in whom the patronage still continues.Dugd. Mon. Ang.

The present structure was much damaged,though not destroyed by the fireof London; after which it was thoroughly331repaired in 1670, when nothing of theold building, except the walls, wassuffered to remain, and not those entirely.

This is a very spacious church, it being126 feet long, besides a broad passagethrough at the west end; the breadth isfifty-eight feet, exclusive of the northchapel; the height of the roof in themiddle isle is thirty-five feet, and theheight of the steeple to the top of the pinacles,is 146 feet. The whole length ofthe side is in a manner taken up by a rowof very large Gothic windows, with buttressesbetween, over which runs a slightcornice, and on the top a plain and substantialbattlement work. The steeple isa plain square tower crowned with fourpinacles.

The wall of this church yard, till verylately, extended so far into the street allalong the south side of the church, as torender the passage narrow and dangerous;but after the church yard on that side hadbeen shut up about fourteen years, it waslevelled, and laid open to the street in thebeginning of the present year 1760.

The Vicar of this church, besides otheradvantages, receives 200l. in money inlieu of tithes.

Munday, in his edition of Stow’s Survey,332mentions the following monumentalinscription in this church.

Before we conclude this article, it maybe proper to observe, that in the year1605, Mr. Robert Dew gave by deed ofgift, fifty pounds to this parish, on conditionthat for ever after, a person should goto Newgate, in the still of the night beforeevery execution day, and standing as nearthe cells of the condemned prisoners aspossible, should, with a hand bell, (whichhe also gave for that purpose) give twelvesolemn tolls with double strokes, and then333after a proper pause, deliver with an audiblevoice the following words:

After many mercies shewn you, arenow appointed to die to-morrow in theforenoon, give ear and understand, thatto-morrow morning the greatest bell ofSt. Sepulchre’s shall toll for you in formand manner of a passing bell, as used tobe tolled for those at the point ofdeath: to the end that all godly peoplehearing that bell, and knowing it is foryour going to your deaths, may bestirred up heartily to pray to God to bestowhis grace and mercy upon youwhilst you live.

“I beseech you, for Jesus Christ’s sake,to keep this night in watching andprayer, for the salvation of your ownsouls, while there is yet time and placefor mercy; as knowing to-morrow youmust appear before the judgment seatof your Creator, there to give an accountof all things done in this life, andto suffer eternal torments for your sinscommitted against him, unless uponyour hearty and unfeigned repentance,you find mercy through the merits,death, and passion of your only mediatorand advocate Jesus Christ, who now334sits at the right hand of God to makeintercession for as many of you as penitentlyreturn to him.”

He likewise ordered that St. Sepulchre’sgreat bell should toll, till it was supposedthese unhappy prisoners were executed;and that as the criminals passed by thewall of St. Sepulchre’s church yard, toexecution, the same bellman should lookover it, and say:

“All good people, prayheartily unto God for these poor sinners,who are now going to their death,for whom this great bell doth toll.

“You that are condemned to die, repentwith lamentable tears: ask mercyof the Lord for the salvation of yourown souls, through the merits, death,and passion of Jesus Christ, who nowsits at the right hand of God, to makeintercession for as many of you as penitentlyreturn unto him.”

For this service the bellman or sextonreceives 1l. 6s. 8d. a year; but upon theseoccasions there is generally so much noise,that nobody can hear one word that thebellman says.

335St. Sepulchre’s alley, a passage by the eastend of St. Sepulchre’s church.Sergeants at Law. The highest degreeof lawyers under a Judge. Theyoung student in the common law, whenadmitted to be of one of the inns of court,is called a Moot-man, and after about sevenyears study, is chosen an Utter Barrister,and is then capable of being made aSergeant at law.

When the number of Sergeants is small,the Lord Chief Justice of the CommonPleas, by the advice and consent of theother Judges, chuses about six or eight ofthe most learned persons of the Inns ofcourt, and presents their names to theLord Chancellor, or Lord Keeper, whosends to each of them the King’s writ toappear on a particular day before theKing, to receive the degree of a Sergeant atlaw.

At the time appointed, they beingdressed in robes of two colours, brown andblue, they go, attended by the students ofthe Inns of court, with a train of servantsand retainers, dressed in peculiar liveries,to Westminster hall, where they publiclytake a solemn oath, and are cloathed withrobes and coifs, without which they arefrom thenceforward never to appear inpublic. After this they give a great entertainment336to the principal persons of thenation; and present gold rings to thePrinces of the blood, the Archbishops,the Lord Chancellor, and the Treasurer,to the value of forty shillings each ring;to the Earls and Bishops rings of 20s.and to other great officers, Barons, &c.rings of less value, besides a great numberof rings to their private friends.

Out of these Sergeants are chosen theJudges of the King’s Bench and CommonPleas.

Sergeants Inn, on the south side ofFleet street, almost opposite to the end ofFetter lane. It consists of a court surroundedwith handsome new buildings,among which are the Society’s chapeland hall; and a very handsome edificebelonging to the Amicable Society.

The officers belonging to this Inn, are,a Steward, a Master Cook, and a ChiefButler.

Sergeants Inn, Chancery lane, near theend next Fleet street, consists of twocourts, a small hall, and a convenient kitchen;but the buildings are low andmean.

The officers of this Inn are, also, aSteward, a Master Cook, and a ChiefButler.

337Sergeants Inn court, 1. Chancery lane.2. Fleet street.

Sermon lane, 1. Limehouse. 2. LittleCarter lane.

Sersnet alley, Narrow Wall, Limehouse.

Setter’s yard, Deadman’s fields.

Seven Dials, near Monmouth street; socalled from a handsome pillar, upon whichare seven sun-dials, fronting the samenumber of streets, which radiate upon it.

Sevenoak, a market town in Kent, nearthe river Dart or Darent, 23 miles fromLondon, in the road to Rye. It obtainedits name from seven very large oaks whichgrew near it, when it was first built; andis governed by a Warden and Assistants.Here is an hospital and school, for themaintenance of people in years, and theinstruction of youth, first erected by SirWilliam Sevenoak, Lord Mayor of Londonin the year 1418, who is said to havebeen a foundling supported and educatedat the expence of a charitable person ofthis town, whence he took his name.The school afterwards met with otherbenefactors, and among the rest, QueenElizabeth having greatly augmented itsrevenue, it was thence called Queen Elizabeth’sfree school. It was rebuilt in1727. Sir Henry Fermor, Bart. has aseat here; as has also Dr. Thomas Fuller.About a mile from Sevenoak, to the south,338is Knowl Place, the seat of the Duke ofDorset, situated in the middle of a park;and towards the east is the seat of ——Pratt, Esq; which is also seated in themidst of a park.

Seven Stars alley, 1. Cable street, Ragfair.* 2. Ratcliff highway.* 3. Rosemarylane.* 4. Whitecross street.*

Seven Stars court, 1. Great Garden, St.Catharine’s lane.* 2. Moor lane.* 3.Seven Stars alley, Ratcliff highway.*

Seven Steps alley, 1. Old Montaguestreet. 2. Petticoat lane, Whitechapel.3. Rotherhith Wall.

Seven Steps yard, Houndsditch.

Seymour’s court, Little Chandois street.

Shad Thames street, Horselydown.

Shadwell, formerly a hamlet in the parishof Stepney, is now a distinct parish, andby the great increase of buildings is unitedto this metropolis. This parish, which isone of the Tower hamlets, is situated onthe north bank of the Thames, and receivedits name from a fine spring whichissues from the south wall of the churchyard. The parish is, from its situation,divided into Upper and Lower Shadwell,Lower Shadwell being anciently a part ofWapping marsh.

In the north east of this parish is Sun tavernfields, where a Roman cemetery, orburying place, was discovered about the339year 1615, wherein were found two coffins,one of which being of stone, containedthe bones of a man; and the otherof lead, finely embellished with scallopshells, and a crotister border, containedthose of a woman, at whose head and feetwere two urns, each three feet high; andat the sides several beautiful red earthenbottles, with a number of lachrymatoriesof hexagon and octagon forms. On eachside of the inhumed bones were two ivoryscepters of the length of eighteen incheseach, and upon the breast the figure of asmall Cupid, curiously wrought; as werelikewise two pieces of jet resemblingnails, three inches in length. Accordingto the opinion of that judicious antiquarySir Robert Cotton, who made this discovery,the person here interred must havebeen the wife of some Prince, or RomanPrætor, by the decorations of the coffinand the things contained in it.

In this place were likewise discoveredseveral urns, with Roman coins, whichhad on one side this Inscription, Imp.Pupienus Maximus P. F. and on the reverse,with hands joined, Patrus Senatus.

A few years ago was also discovered inthis place a mineral spring, said to be impregnatedwith sulphur, vitriol, steel, andantimony. It is esteemed a great anti-scorbutic,and is said to have performed340many remarkable cures in the leprosy,scurvy, scald heads, and other cutaneousdiseases.

For Shadwell church, see the articleSt. Paul’s Shadwell.

Shadwell dock, Shadwell.

Shadwell market, Upper Shadwell.

Shadwell Waterworks are placed inShadwell, and wrought by two fire engines,that fill two main pipes of six orseven inches bore with Thames water;by which means that neighbourhood iswell supplied. Maitland.

Shaftesbury House, in Aldersgate street.See the article London Lying-in Hospital.

Shaft’s court, Leadenhall street.

Shakespear’s walk, Upper Shadwell.†

Sharp’s alley, 1. Barnaby street, Southwark.†2. Cow Cross, Smithfield.† 3.Leadenhall street.† 4. Nortonfalgate.†

Sharp’s buildings, Duke’s Place, near Aldgate.†

Shaw’s alley, Kent street, Tooley street.†

Shaw’s court, St. Margaret’s hill.†

Sheen, or East Sheen, a pleasant village,situated a little to the south of Mortlake,where is the fine seat of the Lord ViscountPalmerston, the successor of Sir WilliamTemple. The gardens were laid out andcompleted by the great genius of Sir William,who here spent the latter part of his life.

341Sheep’s Head alley, Shoreditch.

Sheer lane, Temple Bar.

Sheers alley, 1. East Smithfield.* 2. Shoreditch.*3. White street.* 4. Wentworthstreet.* 5. Wood street, Cheapside.*

Sheffield street, Clare market.

Sheldon’s court, Bedfordbury.†

Shepherd’s alley, near Vintner’s hall,Thames street.†

Shepherd’s court, 1. Hockley in the hole.†2. Upper Brook street.†

Shepherd’s gardens, in the Minories.†

Shepherd’s market, near Curzon street.†

Shepherd’s mews, Park street, Southwark.†

Shepherd’s street, Oxford street.†

Shepherd’s yard, Shoreditch.†

Sherburn lane, Lombard street; thusnamed from the brook Langbourn, whichanciently ran out of Fenchurch street, andhere turning south, divided into severalshares, rills, or streams. This lane wasalso anciently called Southbourn lane, becausethese rills here ran south to theThames. Maitland.

Sheriffs, two very ancient officers of thecity, established in the time of the Saxons:but Richard I. changed the name of theseofficers to the Norman appellation ofBailiff, which signifies an Intendant, Collector,or petty Magistrate; as the SaxonSciregrave implies a Judge, Overseer, or342Collector. However, the appellation ofBailiff proving of no long duration, themore ancient one of Sheriff was restored tothat office.

The Sheriffs are chosen by the Liverymenof the several companies on Midsummerday, the Lord Mayor drinking tothose whom he nominates for their approbation:but any person who can swearthat he is not worth 15000l. may be excusedfrom serving the office; however, ifhe is qualified with respect to fortune, heis obliged to serve, or to pay a fine of about500l. or otherwise to engage in a law suitwith the city. This last is particularlythe case of the dissenters, who look uponthemselves as disqualified by law; sinceby act of Parliament, every person whoserves the office of Sheriff ought to havereceived the sacrament in the church ofEngland, twelve months before he entersupon his office.

Any gentleman of the city may bechosen an Alderman, without his servingthe office of Sheriff; but he is obligedto be a Sheriff before he can be LordMayor.

The office of Sheriff, according to ourgreat antiquary Mr. Camden, is to collectthe public revenues within his jurisdiction,to gather into the Exchequer allfines, to serve the King’s writs of process,343and by the posse comitatus to compel headstrongand obstinate men to submit to thedecisions of the law; to attend the Judges,and execute their orders, to impanel juries,and to take care that all condemnedcriminals be duly executed.

All actions for debt in the city are enteredat the two compters belonging tothe Sheriffs, where the prisoners eithergive bail, or are confined in prison, unlessbeing freemen, they chuse to be carried toLudgate. See the article Compter.

Sheriffs Courts, are courts of recordheld in Guildhall every Wednesday andFriday, for actions entered in Wood streetCompter, and on Thursdays and Saturdaysfor those entered at the Poultry Compter,of which the Sheriffs being Judges, eachhas his Assistant or Deputy, who are commonlycalled Judges of these courts, beforewhom are tried actions of debt, trespass,covenant, &c. where the testimonyof an absent witness in writing is allowedto be good evidence. Maitland.

To each of these courts belong fourAttorneys, a Secondary, a Clerk of thepapers, a Prothonotary, and four Clerkssitters. See the article Compter.

Sherwood street, near Golden square.

Ship alley, 1. Broad street, Ratcliff.* 2.Fore street, Limehouse.* 3. Phœnix344street, Spitalfields.* 4. Ratcliff highway.*5. Wellclose square.*

Ship court, in the Old Bailey.*

Ship street, near New Gravel lane, Shadwell.*

Ship yard, 1. Bishopsgate street without.*2. In the Borough.* 3. Golden lane, Barbican.*4. Green bank, Wapping.* 5.King street, New Gravel lane.* 6.Monkwell street.* 7. Petty France,Westminster.* 8. Phœnix street.* 9,Redcross street, Cripplegate.* 10. WithoutTemple Bar.*

Ship back yard, in the Minories.*

Shippey’s yard, in the Minories.†

Shipping stairs, Limehouse.

Shipwrights, a company by prescriptionfor several ages, were incorporated byletters patent granted by King James I.in the year 1605.

This corporation consists of a Master,two Wardens, and sixteen Assistants; buthave neither livery nor hall: for thoughthey had formerly a hall near Ratcliffcross, yet that being demolished they occasionallymeet at different places to transacttheir affairs.

Shipwrights street, Rotherhith.

sh*tten alley, Chamber street, Shadwell.‖

Shoe lane, extends from Fleet street to Holborn.

345Shoemaker row, 1. By Aldgate. 2. Blackfriars.

Shoemakers. See the article Cordwainers.

Shoemakers yard, Deadman’s place.

Shooter’s court, Basinghall street.

Shoreditch, extends from Nortonfalgateto the end of Old street. Shoreditch wasanciently a village situated along the Romanhighway, by the Saxons denominatedEald street, or Old street, and accordingto Maitland, owes its name to one of thepredecessors of Sir John Sordig, or Sordich,who was Lord thereof in the year1339, and not, as vulgarly supposed, toJane Shore, concubine to Edward IV.This village was at a considerable distancenorth of the city of London, though it isnow joined to it.

Shoreditch alley, Shoreditch.

Shoreditch church, at the north end ofShoreditch. See the article St. LeonardShoreditch.

Shorey’s alley, King’s alley, Rotherhith†

Shorter’s court, Throgmorton street.†

Shorter’s street, Cable street, Rag fair.†

Short’s buildings, Clerkenwell.†

Short’s gardens, Drury lane.†

Shovel alley, 1. Back lane, Rag fair.* 2.Cable street.* 3. St. Catharine’s.* 4. EastSmithfield.* 5. Great Gardens, St. Catharine’slane.* 6. Wood street, Cheapside.*

346Shoulder of Mutton alley, Limehouse.*

Shoulder of Mutton walk, Hackney.*

Shoulder of Mutton yard, Butcherrow, without Temple Bar.*

Shreeve’s rents, Duke street, Bloomsbury.†

Shrewsbury court, 1. Stony lane.† 2.Whitecross street, Fore street.†

Shug lane, near Piccadilly.

Shutter’s alley, Whitechapel.†

Sidney’s alley, Leicester fields.†

Sidney’s street, Leicester fields; so namedfrom Sidney Earl of Leicester.

Signet Office, Whitehall; an office underthe Principal Secretaries of state, whohave the custody of the King’s seal, calledthe signet; the use and application whereofgives name to this office, which constantlyattends the court.

In this office there are four chief Clerks,and two Deputies. These chief Clerkswait alternately by months, and preparesuch writings as are to pass the signet.They have no fee from the King, but only200l. a year board wages. One of themalways attends the court wheresoever itremoves, and, by warrant from his Majesty,prepares such bills or letters for theKing to sign, as not being matter of law,they are directed by warrant to prepare.

In their office all grants, either preparedby the King’s Counsel at law, or by themselves,347for the King’s hand, when signed,are returned, and there transcribed again;and that transcript is carried to one of thePrincipal Secretaries of state, and sealed;and then it is called a signet. This beingdirected to the Lord Privy Seal, is hiswarrant for issuing out a privy seal uponit. Privy seals for money, however, nowalways begin in the Treasury, from whencethe first warrant issues, counter-signed bythe Lord Treasurer: but when the natureof the grant requires the passing of thegreat seal, then the privy seal is an authorityto the Lord Chancellor, to pass thegreat seal; as the signet was to the LordPrivy Seal to affix that seal to the grant.But in all these three offices, the signet,privy seal, and great seal, the grant istranscribed; and therefore every thingwhich passes from the King has these severalways of being considered before it isperfected. Chamberlain’s Present State.

Silkmen, a company incorporated by letterspatent granted by King Charles I. inthe year 1631. They have a Governorand twenty Assistants; but neither hallnor livery. Maitland.

Silk Throwers. This trade was firstpractised in London in the reign of QueenElizabeth, by foreigners, whose dependents,and those to whom they had taughtthe art of silk throwing, were constituted348a fellowship of the city in 1622, and wereafterwards incorporated by letters patentgranted by King Charles I. in the year1630.

They are governed by a Master, twoWardens, and twenty Assistants; but haveneither hall nor livery. Maitland.

Office of Clerk of the King’s Silver, in theInner Temple. To this Clerk every fineor final agreement upon the sale of land,is brought, after it has been with theCustos Brevium, when he makes an entryof what money is to be paid to the King’suse. This office belongs to the court ofCommon Pleas, and is executed by a Deputy.Chamberlain’s Present State.

Silver court, 1. Oxford street, 2. Woodstockstreet, Oxford street.

Silver street, 1. Bloomsbury. 2. Bridgewatersquare. 3. Near Golden square. 4.Green alley, Tooley street. 5. Hare street,Spitalfields. 6. Near New Gravel lane,Shadwell. 7. Pelham street, Spitalfields.8. Soho square. 9. White Friars, Fleetstreet. 10. Wood street, Cheapside.

Simmond’s Inn. See Symond’s Inn.

Sing’s court, Little Mitchell street, Oldstreet.†